Implementing Technology in Daily Law Enforcement Operations Term Paper

Implementing Technology in Daily Law Enforcement Operations - Term Paper Example Preliminary in the 1970s and into the 1980s, when the major changes occurred and more and more technology was being used certain problems arose because of the distance created by the police to the public. When police were starting the force they were not integrating with the public as previous officers because technology was starting to take control and new highlighted problems were needed to be solved in partnership with the community. In today’s society in America in the 21st century, many communities throughout the United States aim to realize and employ successful integrating different features of community policing in the anticipation that it will decrease crime and make better, safer and added stable communities. Each industrial societies use the will of the police to manage crime in their society and assist the war against crime and keep public order. A defining characteristic of police is their mandate to legally use force and to deprive citizens of their liberty. In p laces like Washington, D.C. in America, a gunshot detection system was aimed at improving police response time to gun shots that were fired. Before this technological system was put into place gunshot crime was dealt with the normal way, with neighbors calling 911 or a discovery of a body after the shooting. Now gun crime gets reported automatically within seconds of the event. There are a number of gunshot-sensor systems on the market. Many of the sensors that have been made are to detect the sonic boom of a bullet which travels quicker than the speed of sound. Other systems use sensors that can find the part of the characteristics of the initial blast, the massive explosion that makes the bullet out of the gun barrel. A system that was recently used in Washington, D.C., called ShotSpotter, counts on the acoustics-based, GPS-equipped system that immediately and automatically finds the origin of the shot and the authorities are alerted. A series of acoustic sensors is picked up by t he sound waves of the initial blast that develop going forward from the barrel in all directions. The problem in the system is acoustic triangulation. While the technical details are seen to be highly accurate the ShotSpotter system are proprietary, it seems to be easy to figure out how the system works by looking at the process of triangulation. ShotSpotter uses approximately 12 sensors that are spaced accuratly throughout each square-mile part of the city it is covering,also each sensor is able of hearing the sound of gunfire within a 2-mile (3-km) around where the shot hasgone off. Because the speed of sound is a known entity 340.29 meters per second (0.21 miles per second) at sea level, the only aspect that arises which is an issue is the time that it takes for all the sensors to hear and locate the sound of a gunshot someone could already be serverly injured or past dead. The built-in GPS system is an accurate time source, all three sensors join forces and work together to tria ngulate and find the location where the gun has been fired. This is an idea on how the system works, the technology part of it is ANPR this allows police forces across the globe to track, record and survey vehicles. It uses maximum power to allow recognition images to be recorded electronically. This form of technology is excellent foor stopping speeding and making people who do break the law pay

Answer the questions base on a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Answer the questions base on a company - Essay Example The evolution of strategic management can be better understood through real time systems and positioning systems. These are the basic strategic management tools used by the earlier companies. The strategic management process is the one which requires a basic conversation for turning goals and visions into act. It demands corporate culture which is intensive and adaptive. Lastly, the sense of corporate mission should be strong and should reach every corner of the organization, thus, it is touted as the destination. Answer b Ford has recently implemented various strategic management activities. Example 1 A clearly defined corporate mission statement is the first sign of the good and effective strategic firm. Though the corporate mission statement of the organization is extremely short, it is clearly explained through various sub-headings. Example 2 The company went for a lean management strategy in 2006. Ford started cutting costs, improving designs and increasing their efficiency leve ls to increase their overall brand appeal. In order to cover increasing pension costs and maintain the cash flow, the company introduced strategic operations into its management (Khan and Pillania 1510-1520). New and advanced machines took over and production increased dramatically. Example 3 Workforce diversity is another strategic management activity implemented by the firm. In terms of dealers, suppliers and employees, the organization has maintained diversity and inter-cultural infusion. This shows the adaptability of the organization and its commitment as well as ability to keep up with the pace (Alexander and Doherty 15-19). Answer c The mission statement of Ford is â€Å"One team, one plan and one goal† (â€Å"Mission and Vision†). One team represents the workforce of the car manufacturing brand. The company works together as a global and lean enterprise for leadership in automobiles as well as satisfaction of its employees, dealers, customers, suppliers, invest ors, council/union and communication. It is under a single plan that the company aims for aggressive restructuring in order to operate in a profitable manner and take control of the current demands. With one goal in mind, the organization expects to deliver growth which is profitable for all. The overall goal for the year 2014 is to create worldwide profitable growth. The company aims to cash on the changing business environment in the countries as well as markets where the company has established. Ford will be inventing research and development in order to find out the likes and changing perceptions of its target consumers. Accordingly, the company will be establishing strategies and tactics. The objective of the company for the year 2014 is to produce first class vehicles and establish itself as one of the finest and most preferred car making company across the globe (â€Å"Our Strategy†). 2. On corporate governance Corporate governance is a system created with the objectiv e of controlling and directing corporations around the globe. Answer a Three traditional roles of board of directors are: Providing continuity for the firm through setting up legal or corporate existence and representing the point of view of the organization to every interested and involved entity in the external environment. These include customers, investors, suppliers, governments, employees and communities. In order

Assess The Role Of Key Stakeholder Commerce Essay

Assess The Role Of Key Stakeholder Commerce Essay BUPA was established in 1947 by the combination of a quantity of provident not for profit associations, subsequent the creation of the NHS. BUPA stands for the British United Provident Association the name itself explains it. The brightness of those well meaning people forming the NHS that the UKs total healthcare requirements could be centrally given proved to be ill founded and the 1970s and 1980s saw the PMI industry grow rapidly in size, with BUPA predominant. An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. Stakeholders are all those people of organisation that have a stake in the intervention. Government Customers Community Shareholders Board of directors Management Employees Source adapted from freeman et al managerial model, hieratical view -managing for stakeholder The evaluation of primary stakeholders must include a determination of their direct relationship to health care Group; specifically, their influence on development as well as the organisation objective in its relationship with them. Managing stakeholders is a very important part of Health care organizational success. Primary stakeholders include the Health care Group board of directors, senior managers, functional managers, patient, employees and shareholders; just to name a few. A correct evaluation of stakeholders will determine levels of authority, responsibility, influence their ability to determine if that influence is negative or positive, their strengths and weaknesses, stakeholder strategy and risk tolerance. This evaluation will provide the information needed to prioritize the needs and wants of the stakeholders in order to meet their expectations. Factors that will impact on the organisation and its vision: Market Analysis Macro Environment-PESTEL Political: Ever since in 1985 the introduction of Medibank, there has been a decrease in the number of private healthcare insurance. In order to stop the declining rates, the government stepped in they offered 38 registered health insurers the option to all citizens for private funding of their medical treatments. This allows private health insurance to subsidies full or partial medical fees in either private or public hospitals. With the help of the government, insurers would slowly see an increase in the publics interest to buy private health insurance . Economic: As customers are getting more highly educated and this leads to highly paid jobs. There is a trend that as their personal income increases, so does the private insurance coverage. Therefore insurance companies like Bupa should customise premium polices for the high income individuals and yet have policies that are value for money catered to the lower income group. Socio cultural: The new generation of UK are moving towards a more health conscious lifestyle. They are more concern about their diet and their overall wellbeing. As medical technology advances, so does the cost of medical coverage increases. This makes UK more interested to buy health and life insurance so as to lessen their financial burdens. Technological: Technological advances has not just let to information to be widely and readily available, it has also been constantly shaping our lives. It helps to improve our way of communication and increases the number of communication channels that companies could use to connect with their target audiences. Companies also benefit from improving technology as it helps to speeds up processes and cut cost (Kotler et al., 2009). Therefore insurance companies like Bupa UK are able to reach out to their target audience through new media like the website, Facebook and Twitter. Environmental: One environmental problem that would affect the insurance industry is when there is a natural disaster. The government had to step in to allow insurers who may not be able to meet their regular standards to come up with suitable solutions to respond to their customers with compassion and professionalism Create a vision for an organisation A vision facilitates goal setting and planning. Creating a vision to help direct the change effort and developing strategies for achieving that idea. Vision is a common statement about the direction of health care wishes to take and the needed end outcome once it gets there. It stands for an aim that is driven by and evokes passion. Vision might or might not be successful. A vision is useless unless it is implemented. The organisation should have plans or strategy to implement the vision. It depends on whether everything else happens according to a firms strategy. It provides a fundamental report of a company values, aspirations and goals. It may contain a slogan, diagram or picture. When building a vision it is significant to believe simplicity. While a vision must clearly present assured key values in defining and the relating organization, it must not be so difficult that it is complex to communicate. The most important difficulty often related with vision statements is that they are wide, hoping to cover entire factors of the organisation or health care principles and values. These visions end up being complex to communicate to staffs, consumers and clients. Vision statements must be clear and brief. Finally, approval of a vision statement by those concerned cannot occur unless the completely recognize it. A good mission must address each principal theme and must communicate why an organisation is special and different. A firms mission may change when competitive situation radically modify or the firm is faced with new threats or opportunities. Mission statement and objectives should be: Measurable: that is able to measure progress Specific: Gives a clear communication as to what requirements to be accomplished. Appropriate: be consistent with the vision of the organisation. Realistic: should be a reachable target given the organisations opportunities and capabilities in the environment. Timely: needs a time frame for accomplishing the objective. Its mission statement mentions that people come first after all people have created this empathetic persona that BUPA illustrates in its key objectives which was planned to give more services than the NHS system in Britain presented. It has supported itself as having no shareholders and existing only for its members. Primarily, BUPA was a UK health insurance provider, contribution policies to business, individuals, and other organisations. BUPA is a brand truly guided by its mission statement: Taking care of the lives in our hands. Its well-defined values guide its business and brand behaviour. 1.4 Determine the strategic direction for an organisation: Strategic direction is the strategy utilized by a management which recognizes the direction it aim to framework and the move for action by which it aim to get there, Stone (2010). The HR manager plays an important role in connecting the company most important of human resource to the strategic direction of the company and does so throughout the employ of strategic HRM practices and policies. Strategic direction is the direction in which an organisation intends to aim for through the use of a strategy which establishes the framework for actions involved in achieving competitive advantage for the organisation and its stakeholders. According to Chung et al (2008) wrote that an organisations strategy must be appropriate for its resources, environmental circumstances, and core objectives and the processes involved must match the companys strategic advantage to the business environment as current to the organisation. By doing so the organisation will achieve one of its corporate strategy o bjective, this will hold them in a position to effectively and efficiently carry out the organisations mission and objectives. Chung et al 2008 states that an organisations strategic focus will be determined by which of the three types of strategy be it prospector, defender or analyser it places the most emphasis on. So what responsibility do SHRM play in the strategic direction of a company. 2.1 Analyse methods to communicate the vision to engage and inspire others within the organisation: Organizations include establishing it to be supportive to ask every efficient area to identify how they contribute to achieving the entire strategic plan (efficient area selecting whatever natural units are real in the organization-functions, geographies, business units, etc.). Armed with the operational definitions, strategic map, and the entire company performance measures it strategic, each efficient area builds their own map of achievement and describes their own specific performance measures. Threats in the present and future market were identified by using the SWOT assessment process. How the competition is situated comparative to the opportunities for development that have been recognized, and how are they situated comparative to the companys strengths and weaknesses. Through this information, company may confirm their strategy by creating a mission statement, explaining the vision, and recognizing their competitive advantages. The strategy will need a clear consistent message for the communication. It is a perfect time for the management to operationally describe every critical area of the plan to make sure commitment and agreement. Important stakeholders have to include in the development. Requesting their effort is often a valuable aide in implementation. 2.2 Build support for the vision within the organisation An effective change strategy and vision will recognize the areas of change, afford clear and realistic targets for measuring achievement, and request to the durable interests of organizational stakeholders. The change strategy and vision provide the organization how the opportunity looks like after the alteration is implemented. It needs to communicate the organizational stakeholders why they have to work hard, let go of the past, and sacrifice in the current and in future follow the senior leadership. In the future it generates an appealing and sensible picture, and it gives guidance for decision-making for organization. Appealing and Sensible are significant. Employees and managers particularly will desire to identify that the planned change is feasible and desirable. If both are missing, they will not squeeze the change. It is not in staffs and top level management best interests to create the essential sacrifices now for a future that is worse than the present. Top management and the conducing coalition should improve a compelling message that will communicate employees and managers that the future is an enviable place to go. The support of strategic intent linkage is to ensure the career development, performance management and reward systems must be reviewed 2.3 Communicating the vision to external stakeholders Stakeholder report the routine communication with the internal and external members and partners was most important to keep stakeholder focussed on the success of the health care initiative. To communicate the vision, health care leader need to follow different strategies, including discussion and presentation and interagency meetings and using websites, newsletter, internal and external e-mail communication. Leader need to share the community the initiatives vision at community functions and meeting. Leader opted to communicate their messages regarding the new strategic direction multiple times through various channels. 3.2 Vision can be embedded within the organisation Inspired by our tradition, Health care will be renowned by an insistent focus on clinical and service results as we seek to make excellence in the care experience. Healthcare will become the important trusted health partner for life. The important Vision focuses on: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A dedication to our finding purpose of health care to strengthen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An importance on giving a personal care experience in our Organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The significance of creating trusting relationships with all of our constituencies: patients, associates, physicians and communities The Strategy Design For an organization the strategy design is one way that will be able to plan and fulfil its vision. According to Distelzweig and Clark (2008) the best way is to have a section of the strategic formulation that deals with preliminary layout of the detailed paths in order for the organization to realize the goal and complete its vision and mission. The four major elements step involves: the determination of the required culture, classification of strategic thrusts to pursue, identification of the major lines of business (LOBs), and establishment of critical success indicators (CSIs). Moreover, they defined that a line of business is an activity that produces both significantly different services and products or that are geared towards various markets. While in view the accumulation of a new line of business, it must be based on active core competencies of the company, its possible contribution to the bottom line, and its fit with the company value system 3.3 Translate the vision into organisational objectives to set the strategic direction. Leader at organisation levels are need to set the direction for action by their constituent units, contents and the nature of these directions changes qualitatively at various levels. At the top of the organisation, leader direction making generally takes the form of improving a board, long-term and often ambiguous vision. Top managers translate this vision into more specific organisational strategies and propagate them to unit at lower organisational level. Our vision is greater respect, less poverty, and better care. Healthcare management are impatient to do in good health and hold ourselves responsible for continuous improvement in the services we provide. The Vision and Mission Formulation The mission and vision formulation is linked as the foundation of the entire plan. The planning process is actually laid upon the vision and mission formulation thereby making this part of the process the generally important aspect of the plan. According to Swayne, Duncan and Ginter, (2008) assert that a vision is a statement that identifies and defines an organizations goals and aspirations and how the organization can accomplish these goals and aspirations in the future. A vision functions to offer an organisation with directionality, justification and quantification of resources, stress management, motivation, standards, enhancement of professional growth, and succession planning. As point out by Porrus and Collins (1996), that well-conceived vision includes two important components: the envisioned future and a core ideology. The strategic outcomes of a well created vision include the endurance of the company, vitality through the alignment of the individual employees, the focus on productive effort, and the company as a complete, and, ultimately, success. Once vision is implemented upon agreement, it is time to move on to the creation of a mission statement Distelzweig and Clark (2008), states that an explicit mission statement ensures the unanimity of purpose, provides the basis for resource allocation, guides organizational culture and climate, facilitates accountability, establishes organizational boundaries, and facilitates control of time, performance and cost . When creating a statement for mission, it is important that it states six particular elements, including the basic product or service, primary market(s), employee orientation, principle technologies, customer orientation, and standards of quality. Through all of these elements integrated, a mission statement must still remain memorable and short. The statement of mission as follows: Mission We serve together for the Health Distelzweig and Clark (2008) mentioned that there are other diverse functions of a mission statement such as setting the bounds for improvement of an organisation philosophy, justifying business operations; values, aspirations, and priorities; creating a positive public image; and provide a corporate uniqueness for external and internal stakeholders. The developing conception is that understanding and identification of the needs and wants of stakeholders is important to strategic management. In health care there are various different organisation levels. As there are various stakeholders in organisation it is considered one of the most important measures when the success is assessed. In health care the social values and identification of the resources that act as a token for social values are significant in determining the success or failure of the plan. Our Health care has a well crafted vision that meets all the above criteria. 3.4 Outline the strategic planning process for an organisation: Our healthcare looks for the poor and underserved as a particular centre. It is those without income of their own who required us generally. Through our health care and our persistent advocacy looks to serve the underserved and poor of our communities. We look to concern not only for their urgent requirements but also to change the structures that keep them in inhumane conditions and unhealthy environments. Every administrator needs to have a strong skill of analyzing how the business is supposed to be executed, especially if they are to go by strategic planning process. The analysis processes makes it easy for the administrator to know the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities and thereby making it imperative to plan wisely and draft a strong strategic management plan. The implementation plan is somewhat complicated and yet it is loaded with vital details of successful leadership. The strategic planning requires a fair allocation of basic resources. This could be a fourth component, but it is intertwined in the three phase process. The allocation of limited capital resources is perhaps one of the most difficult decisions health care administrators have to make. The need for new equipment, renovations and maintenance and the demand for new service lines and facilities all come with merit. In order to win, there needs to be a determination as to which appeal will engender t he good returns for the health care. In order to succeed on the strategies, Healthcare is faced with integrating strategic and financial planning in order to operate in the best way as a health care organization that is fiscally responsible. It has put in place an accurate vision of their community and the needs and wants of their customers before started the costly project of a new facility. The plans will need to be reviewed and be updated with new goals and objectives on regular basis to determine if the organization is remaining on track or is able to meet the projections set annually. This helps the healthcare to seize all opportunities and stand strong in dealing with threats and weaknesses.

Compare two Robert Browning poems - The Laboratory and My last Duchess. :: English Literature

Compare two Robert Browning poems - The Laboratory and My last Duchess. The two Robert Browning poems I have chosen are 'The Laboratory' and 'My last Duchess'. My initial reaction on reading The laboratory was one of horror and fascination as it tells a tale of a woman scorned. I found it horrifying that a human being could plan in such a cold and calculating way, but I also found this fascinating. 'Not that I bid you spare her the pain; Let death be felt and the proof remain:' My feelings on reading My Last Duchess was pity for the Duke who was narrating the poem as it was clear that his jealousy and insecurity had ruined their relationship.` 'she smiled, no doubt, Whene'er I passed her; but who passed without Much the same smile?' Both poems have contemporary relevance, as people today are still intrigued by murder, mystery and tales of unrequited love. It is very obvious that the poems were wrote in the 19th century though, as some of the language is no longer in use in today's society eg durst/dared and forsooth/indeed. There are other indications that the poetry was written in the 19th century by the references made to the use of a fan and also the way the poison was prepared using pestle and mortar. 'Grind away moisten and mash up thy paste, Pound at thy powder-I am not in haste.' The topic of the poem in My Last Duchess is infact a painting, had it been written in the 21st century it would have been far more likely to have been a photograph. The theme of The Laboratory is one of the eternal love triangle. Whereas the theme in my last duchess would seem to be about an obsessive yet insecure lover. The similarity would be the extreme jealousy that is displayed by both narratives. The difference is that the narrator in My Last Duchess is so jealous and insecure that he 'gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together.' implying that he sent away or disposed of his loved one in some way. In The Laboratory, the focus of jealousy is directed at the other woman. 'He is with her, and they know that I know' The character of the narrator in The Laboratory displays an intensity of emotion through her obvious jealousy of the other woman, this intensity of jealousy could only be achieved if she also had experienced the same level of love. Similarly, the character of the narrator in My Last Duchess also displays obvious jealousy although it is without such an intensity of emotion. It is my opinion that the

Eugene Nida

Eugene A. Nida  (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011) was a  linguist  who developed the  dynamic-equivalence  Bible-translation  theory. Nida was born in  Oklahoma City,  Oklahoma  on November 11, 1914. He became a Christian at a young age, when he responded to the altar call at his church â€Å"to accept Christ as my Saviour† He graduated from the  University of California  in 1936. After graduating he attended Camp Wycliffe, where Bible translation theory was taught. Later Nida became a founding charter member of  Wycliffe Bible Translators, a sister organization of the  Summer Institute of Linguistics.In 1937, Nida undertook studies at the  University of Southern California, where he obtained a Master’s Degree in New Testament Greek in 1939. In 1943, Nida received his Ph. D. in Linguistics from the  University of Michigan, His Ph. D. dissertation,  A Synopsis of English Syntax, was the first full-scale analysis of a major langu age according to the â€Å"immediate-constituent† theory. He began his career as a  linguist  with the  American Bible Society  (ABS). He was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, then worked as Executive Secretary for Translations until his retirement.Nida retired in the early 1980s, although he continued to give lectures in universities all around the world, and lived in Madrid, Spain and  Brussels,  Belgium. He died in Madrid on August 25, 2011 aged 96. Nida was instrumental in engineering the joint effort between the  Vatican  and the  United Bible Societies  (UBS) to produce cross-denominational Bibles in translations across the globe. This work began in 1968 and was carried on in accordance with Nida's translation principle of Functional Equivalence. His contributions in general Nida has been a pioneer in the fields of  translation theory  and  linguistics.His most notable contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalenc e, also known as Functional Equivalence. Nida also developed the â€Å"componential-analysis† technique, which split words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation (e. g. â€Å"bachelor† = male + unmarried). This is, perhaps, not the best example of the technique, though it is the most well-known. Nida's dynamic-equivalence theory is often held in opposition to the views of  philologists  who maintain that an understanding of the  source text  (ST) an be achieved by assessing the inter-animation of words on the page, and that meaning is self-contained within the text (i. e. much more focused on achieving semantic equivalence). This theory, along with other theories of correspondence in translating, are elaborated in his essay  Principles of Correspondence,  where Nida begins by asserting that given that â€Å"no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which symbols are a rranged in phrases and sentences, it stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages.Hence, there can be no fully exact translations. † While the impact of a translation may be close to the original, there can be no identity in detail. Some of his theories in detail First major contribution: Dynamic equivalence Nida then sets forth the differences in translation, as he would account for it, within three basic factors: (1) The nature of the message: in some messages the content is of primary consideration, and in others the form must be given a higher priority. 2) The purpose of the author and of the translator: to give information on both form and content; to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message; for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation. (3) The type of audience: prospective audiences di ffer both in  decoding  ability and in potential interest. Nida brings in the reminder that while there are no such things as â€Å"identical  equivalents† in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the â€Å"closest natural equivalent†.Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence: Formal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E). Principle of dynamic equivalence * General introduction In Toward a Science of Translating, Nida first put forward the principle of dynamic equivalence which he defines as â€Å"the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message† (Nida,1964, p. 59). Following this principle, dynamic equivalence, as defined by Nida, is to reproduce â€Å"in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source-language message†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida and Taber, 1969: 12). Nida (1964: 167) particularly stresses that â€Å"a natural rendering must fit the receptor language and culture as a whole; the context of the particular message; and the receptor-language audience†. To put it plain, either the meaning or form should not sound â€Å"foreign†.The essence of dynamic equivalence is the receptor's response, in Nida's own term, â€Å"the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language† (Nida and Taber, 1969: 68). The reaction or response is based on the comprehensive reception of the message, not only understanding the meaning or content, but also feeling in the way the original readers do. By laying stress on the receptor's response, he underlines the improvement to the source text by the receptor's subjectivity and aesthetic sense. The essential features of the principle we must first know about the essential fe atures of this principle and D-E translation. As Nida himself points out, the essential features of D-E translation consists of the following points: (1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message. (2) natural, which points toward the receptor language (3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation (Nida, 1964). All these points aim at arousing â€Å"similar response† between the source text readers and the target text readers.A. Equivalent As mentioned above, this aims at reproducing the message of the original text. This is the basic requirement of D-E translation, as is with any other kind of translation. That is to say, to produce a D -E translation, the translator must aim primarily at conveying the meaning of the original text, and to do anything else is essentially wrong to his task as a translator, because translation is basically a kind of communication (Nida and Taber, 1982). B. Natural A D -E translation is directed primarily towards the similarity of response.To achieve this purpose, the translation must be natural, for it is of great importance to arousing in the target readers a response similar to that of the original readers. To be natural, the equivalent forms should not be â€Å"foreign† either in terms of form, or in terms of meaning, which means that the translation should not reveal any signs of its non-native source (Nida, 1975). Nida stresses that naturalness in a D-E translation must fit these three aspects: (1) The receptor language and culture as a whole, 2) The context of the particular message, (3) The receptor-language audience (Nida, 1964). He further remarks: The best translation does not sound like a translation [It should not] exhibit in its grammatical and stylistic forms any trace of awkwardness or strangeness It should studiously avoid ‘translationese' he defines as ‘formal fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the cont ent and the impact of die message' (Nida and Taber, 1982). C. Closest â€Å"Closest† here is of a double nature.On the one hand, it indicates that equivalence in translation can never be absolute identity, because â€Å"loss occurs in all forms of communication, whether it involves translation or not† (Bassenet and Lefevere, 1990, p. 35). It can only be an approximation, because no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences. Therefore, the total impact of a translation may be reasonably close to the original, but there can be no identity in detail.On the other hand, since equivalence in translation is just a kind of approximation, not absolute identity, it naturally results in the possibility to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text on various degrees or in different aspects. However, it is the highest degree that a D-E translat ion is expected to strive for. In other words, though loss of meaning is inevitable, the translator should try his best to reduce it to the minimum. D. Similar Response This is the principal aim of the D-E translation and all the above three points are directed to it.The term â€Å"response† here refers to the way in which receptors of a text understand the text, including the effect the text produces on them while â€Å"similar response† involves a comparison of two relations: the relation of the target text readers to the target text should be substantially the same to that of the source text readers to the source text. That is to say, the target text readers must not only know how the source text readers must have understood the content of the text, but they should also be able to appreciate some of the impact and appeal which such a text must have had for t he source text readers (Jin Di and Nida, 1984).Formal Correspondence in opposition to dynamic equivalence: Ni da puts forward dynamic equivalence in opposition to formal correspondence. In speaking of naturalness, he is strongly against ‘translationese' as we mentioned Basically, a formal equivalence translation, as Nida (1964, 165) states, is source-oriented, which is designated to reveal as much as possible the form and content of the original message, that is, to match as closely as possible the formal elements like grammatical units, consistency in word usage, meanings in terms of the source context, just to name some. David Crystal, J.R. Firth, Catford and other linguists and translation theorists agree upon the six levels of formal equivalence, namely, phonetic, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactical and semantic equivalence. We may throw more light on formal equivalence or â€Å"correspondence† by citing Catford's view. Catford and his views of equivalence in translation: Catford's approach to translation equivalence clearly differs from that adopted by Nida s ince Catford had a preference for a more linguistic-based approach to translation and this approach is based on the linguistic work of Firth and Halliday.Catford has defined formal correspondence as â€Å"identity of function of correspondent items in two linguistic systems: for him, a formal correspondent is  «any TL /target language/ category which may be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the  «same » place in the economy of the TL as the given SL/source language/ category occupies in the SL † (Catford, 1965: 32). His main contribution in the field of translation theory is the introduction of the concepts of types and shifts of translation. Catford proposed very broad types of translation in terms of three criteria: 1.The extent of translation (full translation  vs  partial translation); 2. The grammatical rank at which the translation equivalence is established (rank-bound translation  vs. unbounded translation);   3. The levels of language involved in t ranslation (total translation  vs. restricted translation). We will refer only to the second criterion of translation, since this is the one that concerns the concept of equivalence, and we will then move on to analyze the notion of translation shifts, as elaborated by Catford, which are based on the distinction between formal correspondence and textual equivalence.In  rank-bound translation  an equivalent is sought in the TL for each word, or for each morpheme encountered in the ST. In  unbounded translation  equivalences are not tied to a particular rank, and we may additionally find equivalences at sentence, clause and other levels. Catford finds five of these ranks or levels in both English and French. Thus, a  formal correspondence  could be said to exist between English and French if relations between ranks have approximately the same configuration in both languages, as Catford claims they do.As far as translation shifts are concerned, Catford defines them as â⠂¬Ëœdepartures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL' (ibid. :73). Catford argues that there are two main types of translation shifts, namely  level shifts,  where the SL item at one linguistic level (e. g. grammar) has a TL equivalent at a different level (e. g. lexis), and  category shifts  which are divided into four types: 1. Structure-shifts,  which involve a grammatical change between the structure of the ST and that of the TT;  Ã‚   2.Class-shifts,  when a SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class, i. e. a verb may be translated with a noun;  Ã‚   3. Unit-shifts, which involve changes in rank; 4. Intra-system shifts,  which occur when ‘SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system' (ibid. :80). For instance, when the SL singular becomes a TL plural .The Priority of Dynamic Equivalence over Formal Correspondence In view of the difficulty in retaining formal correspondence, and of the fact that all communication is goal-oriented, no matter intralingual or interlingual communication, the move from the source's intention to the receptor's interpretation is quite natural and reasonable. So Nida's dynamic equivalence seems a good way to foster the interlingual communication and it is justified to say that dynamic equivalence often has priority over formal correspondence. C. W.Orr likens translation to painting: â€Å"the painter does not reproduce every detail of the landscape†, he selects what seems best to him, and for a translator, â€Å"it is the spirit, not only the letter that he asks to embody in his own version† (Nida, 1964: 162). Merits and demerits of dynamic equivalence theory As is known to all, translation in essence is a kind of communication, and its main task is to let the target reader understand the m eaning of the original text. Whether a translation is good or not depends largely on whether the target reader understands the original message adequately.However, traditionally, the adequacy of translation is judged only on the basis of the correspondence in words and grammar between the source and target languages, and this is sometimes misleading (Nida, 1993). Since translating means communication, evaluating the adequacy of a translation cannot stop with a comparison of corresponding lexical meanings, grammatical classes, and rhetorical devices. In short, it cannot stop with a comparison of the verbal forms of the source and target texts.Instead, it should take into consideration the reader's response and comparison should be made between â€Å"the way in which the original receptor understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text† (Nida, 1993 p. 116). Merits It has a lot of merits to t ake into consideration the readers' response and focus on the similarity between the response of the source text readers and that of the target text readers, which include the following aspects: – Rationality of Taking into Consideration the Reader's Response Since translation is mainly intended for its readers to understand, quite naturally, we should take into consideration how the readers interpret the translation, namely, their response to the target text, and compare it with that of the source text readers to the source text. Only when the response o f the source text readers and that of target text readers are similar can we say that the translation is adequate. If we do not take into consideration the readers' response when judging the adequacy of a translation, it is often misleading.As we know, sometimes what seems to be equivalent translation of the original text in terms of lexical, grammatical features may actually distort the meaning. Most earlier approaches to t ranslation have focused attention upon the relationship of the source text to the target text, whether in terms of form or content. The concept of dynamic equivalent translating introduces an important new dimension, namely, the relationship of receptors to the respective texts†¦. [It] deals not merely signs as signs, but focuses on the ways in which verbal signs have meaning for receptors.It is really within such a context that discussions of transnational adequacy and acceptability make sense (Jin Di and Nida, 1984). In short, taking into consideration the readers' response helps to reproduce the original message adequately and guarantee equivalence between the source text and the target text in real sense. B. Avoiding the Debate over Literal Translation versus Free Translation Whether to translate literally or freely is an issue that has long been debated in the translation circle.Some scholars argue for literal translation while others argue for free translation. It seems t hat the two views will never reconcile with each other. However, it is no use arguing which is better, since literal translation and free translation both have their validity and limitations. Instead, it is more helpful, in the author's opinion, to deal with this issue from a different perspective and provide a principle of translation that can well combine them. In a sense, the principle of dynamic equivalence may serve as an effective means to turn aside the debate.Since it focuses on the similar response, any kind of translation, either literal or free, is adequate, so long as it can arouse the similar response. Thus, the debate over literal translation versus free translation tends to be useless, and the choice between them depends on which can better bring about the â€Å"closest natural equivalent† and elicit â€Å"substantially the same response†. C. Freeing the Translator from the Binding of the Original Verbal Form and Increasing Translatability Languages diff er from each other, and each language has its own peculiarities.Sometimes the ways of using language are peculiar to a certain language. In this case, if the translator focuses on the original verbal form, he is usually incompetent. However, if he turns aside from the verbal form and focuses on the similar response, he can sometimes â€Å"crack the nut†. D. More readable and understandable text The advantage of dynamic equivalence is that it usually produces a more readable/understandable Bible version. Early translations of Bible were sometimes obscure and may reach the edge of unintelligibility as they were keen on preserving the original text. DemeritsNida's dynamic equivalence theory is of great practical value, as well verified by his Bible translation. However, it is not almighty and perfect. There are still some doubts which invite argument. A. The abstract nature of dynamic equivalence as a translation criterion The first doubt cast upon the theory is that it is too a bstract to be used as a criterion to judge the quality of a translation. Nida maintains, â€Å"to measure dynamic equivalence, we can only rightly compare the equivalence of response, rather than the degree of agreement between the original source and the later receptors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida and Taber, 1969: 23).However, the measurement is intuitive, dependent upon subjective judgment, for how can we know exactly the responses of the source language receptors, particularly if the source text was written ages ago? Moreover, the receptors Nida has in mind are the specific readers of certain text and it is their responses that are required to judge the quality of a translation, but he does not request the average readers of the translation to check with the source text, since they do not know or just know a little source language, that is to say, those who judge virtually are not average readers but the critics of a translation or linguists.B. – The degree of â€Å"naturalnessà ¢â‚¬  in translation Moreover, in speaking of â€Å"naturalness†, Nida insists that the best translation should not sound like a translation, but I think otherwise for two reasons: Firstly, language and culture are inseparable. â€Å"Language is an integral part of culture,† John Lyon says, â€Å"and that the lexical distinctions drawn by each language will tend to reflect the culturally-important features of objects, institutions and activities in the society in which the language operates community that uses a particular language as its means of expression†.As translation aims to enable one to get exposed to foreign works, while you are translating a foreign language text, you are introducing its culture as well. The change of some images bearing cultural features will undoubtedly diminish the cultural load of its language and leave unfinished the task of cultural transmission. By naturalizing the translation, dynamic equivalence, to certain degree, has ignor ed the assimilating ability of peoples.In spite of the fact that differences do exist, the similarities between men are finally much greater than the differences†, and â€Å"all members of the species share primal attributes of perception and response which are manifest in speech utterances and which can therefore be grasped and translated. In sum, to sound â€Å"natural† to the receptor is good, while to keep â€Å"foreignness† or â€Å"strangeness† to certain degree is also permissible. In this sense, as far as the preservation of the cultural elements of the source language is concerned, it is desirable that a translation read like a translation. C. The simplification of the source languageWhat also comes under criticism is that dynamic equivalence risks simplifying the source language, even decreasing its literary value. One of the distinctive features of literary works is the frequent use of figurative language and fresh expressions, and the authorâ €™s real intention is to be sought between the lines. If intelligibility or the communicative effect of the receptor language text is always given the priority and all the figurative images in the source text are left out, or all that is implicit is made explicit, then, despite its intelligibility, the receptor language text reads boring and fails the purpose of literature.Therefore, in translating secular literary works, unlike Bible translation, intelligibility should not be solely stressed. In later years Nida has increasingly realized the problem and in his work From One Language to Another, he no longer agrees to the priority of intelligibility but places equal weight on intelligibility, readability and acceptability. D. Modification of Dynamic Equivalence and Formal Correspondence Aware of the defects in his dynamic equivalence theory, Nida continues to modify and perfect his theories, including those concerning formal correspondence.He acknowledges that any element in con nection with receptor language text is meaningful, including the form: â€Å"For effective impact and appeal, form cannot be separated from content, since form itself carries so much meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida, 1989: 5). If form is sacrificed, meaning is damaged as well, so he cautions the translator not to easily change the form and asks them to achieve as much formal correspondence as possible, which marks a shift from total neglect of form to attaching certain importance to formal elements.Mention should also be made of his replacing â€Å"dynamic equivalence† by â€Å"functional equivalence† in From One Language to Another. No matter how varied the ways of expression of languages are, he holds, they have the same or similar functions, therefore, functional equivalence seems more accurate and precise. E. Risk of imprecise translation The translator is â€Å"freer† from the grammatical forms of the original language, he is more likely to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language.That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being precisely wrong. Second major contribution: Componential analysis To determine the meaning of any form contrast must be found, for there is no meaning apart from significant differences. Nida (1975: 31) states â€Å"If all the universe were blue, there would be no blueness, since there would be nothing to contrast with blue. The same is true for the meanings of words.They have meaning only in terms of systematic contrasts with other words which share certain features with them but contrastwith them in respect to other features†. Nida in â€Å"Componential Analysis of Meaning† (1975: 32) categorize the types of components into two main types, i. e. common component and diagnostic or distinctive component. a. Common component. This is the central component which is shared by all the lexemes in the same semantic domain or lexical field. b. Diagnostic or distinctive components.They serve to distinguish the meaning from others from the same domain. A very simple example to explain these two types is provided by the words man, woman, boy, girl, and other related words in English (Leech, 1976: 96). These words all belong to the semantic field of ‘human race’ and the relations between them may be represented by the following matrix. components| man| woman| boy| girl| | [human]| +| +| +| +| | [adult]| +| +| -| -| | [male]| +| -| +| -| | Table 1. Common and Diagnostic Components of the words man, woman, boy, and girl.In the semantic domain of man, woman, boy, and girl, [human] is the common component, and they are distinguished by [adult], [male], [female] as the diagnostic components. The meanings of the individual items can then be expressed by combinations of these features: Man +[human ] +[adult] +[male] Woman +[human] +[adult] -[male] Boy +[human] -[adult] +[male] Girl +[human] -[adult] -[male] Before going further with the componential approach, it is important to consider possible differences in the roles of diagnostic components (Nida, 1975: 38).The differences can be best designated as (1) implicational, (2) core, and (3) inferential. Implicational component are those implied by a particular meaning, though they do not form an essential part of the core meaning. On the contrary, implicational components remain associated with a meaning, even when other components are negativized by the context. The word repent has three diagnostic components: (1) previous wrong behavior, (2) contrition for what has been done, and (3) change of behavior, and the first component is implicational. Whether in a positive or negative context, e. . he repented of what he did or he didn’t repent of what he did, the implication is that the person in question did something wrong . The negation affects the core components which specify the central aspects of the event, but does not modify the implicational component. The inferential components of meanings are those which may be inferred from the use of an expression, but which are not regarded as obligatory, core elements. In the expression the policeman shot the thief, ‘the thief was killed’ is the inference, and without further contextual condition assumed to be the case.However, it is possible to deny this inference, e. g. ‘the policeman shot the thief but didn’t kill him’. At the same time an inferential component may be explicitly stated, e. g. the policeman shot the thief to death or the policeman shot and killed the thief. Conclusion Nida is a great figure that contributed great efforts to the development of Translation Theories. His numerous books reflect a prominent translator and researcher as well. His major contribution was the introduction of â€Å"dynamic equiv alence† which represented a shift in attention of the process of translation.Nida's dynamic equivalence contributes a remarkable insight into translating and helps to create an atmosphere of treating different languages and cultures from an entirely new perspective. The concept of dynamic equivalence, despite having some disadvantages but perfection is inaccessible and the concept really formed a milestone along the road of translation studies and theories Works cited 1. Bassnet, Susan & Andre Lefevere, eds.. Translation: History & Culture. London: Casell, 1990. Print 2. Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965. Print 3. â€Å"Eugene A. Nida. Wikipedia Free Ecyclopedia. Web. 7 April 2013. 4. Jin Di ; Eugene A. Nida. . On Translation: with special Reference to Chinese and English. Beijing: China Translation ; Publish Corporation, 1984. print. 5. Nida, Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964. Print. 6. Nida, Eugene A. Language Structure and Translation. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975. Print 7. Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993. Print. 8. Nida, Eugene A. ; Charles R. Taber. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982. Print. .

Facebook and Privacy Essay

Ex-Apple Engineer, Peter Warden, has collected public fan page data from 215 million Facebook pages, revealing current trends, such as ‘God’ being the number one most popular fan page among Facebook users in the Southern U. S. , whereas ‘Barack Obama’ featured heavily for San Francisco users, and ‘Starbucks’ was number one in Idaho. Warden plans to release this data to the academic community because he sees great potential in the data that can be extracted from these sites. This process is called data harvesting. The article suggests future academic work in  this area is likely to occu impacting on people’s privacy. (FACTS – 100 words) Response: The ETHICAL issue central to this article is privacy and control. On one hand, Warden claims his intentions are altruistic (helpful to others) and that the data he is making visible here is a matter of public discourse. However, the FACTS are that individual users who are generating this data have neither been consulted about the data collection nor have they given permission for Warden to use it. Clearly Warden does not VALUE other’s people’s privacy as much as he WANTS (emotion) to create the website. The argument could be made that once a user ‘becomes a fan’ of a page on Facebook or, indeed, publishes any content to the internet, that information becomes public. User who have deployed privacy settings to carefully maintain a strong sense of control over their profiles, however, might well feel very ANGRY about this use of their data. Facebook can harvest that data (and does, for targeted advertising purposes) because they have a commitment to those advertisers (emotion)and engineers like Warden can develop data-trawling engines to collect accessible information across a massive dataset. The LAW needs to be much clearer about the rights of consumers, companies and advertisers in these situations. As Facebook is presumably bound by its own set of critically considered ETHICAL guidelines, these are neverthess underpinned by commercial VALUES and a vested interest (emotion) in keeping the data of its users from competitors. Warden claims to be operating under his own set of ethics that privilege (value) the furthering of knowledge. The issue then shifts to the academic community. Warden contends that one of his central motivations for collecting this data was so  that he could share it with the academic community. Although this claim may be true, most (if not, all) Universities have clear ETHICAL guidelines for research that explicitly VALUE and therefore require consent from participants. If none of the users gave consent for their data to be collected in this way, this in effect denies them a sense of AGENCY. Thus, academically, this data is tainted. While its implications are important the trends it makes visible are crucial to understanding the localised structures of social network sites like Facebook. Personally, I would  believe people should be able to tick a box that gives consent for the use of their personal material. I do not believe, either, that it should be one of those boxes you are obliged to tick before being able to use a site: that removes my personal AGENCY and I VALUE this very much. It should be up to me to decide whether other people get my data. If this sort of system was in place, everyone would know the FACTS, everyone would understand what is going on and no one would feel (emotion) betrayed or exposed unfairly. (463 words) Animal Research Link: http://www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v1n3/cures. html Objective summary:

Lord If The Flies

Lord If The Flies The Lord of the Flies By: William Golding Setting: The Lord of the Flies takes place on a remote tropical island located somewhere in the ocean. My guess is that the novel takes place sometime in the mid 1900's probably sometime between 1940 and 1950. This is a fairly large island with one mountain that enables you to see all the way around the island. The mountain is fairly steep but on one side it is rough and rocky. On the top of this mountain the boys built a fire pit that they could use to signal boats that come by to try to get their attention. The island is a dense forest full of palm trees, tall grass and many fruit bearing bushes. Within this grass they build shelters for the boys to stay in either to sleep or to keep themselves protected by rain. This is an uninhibited island before the boys arrive.English: Piggy Back using Baby Ring SlingAll that is there are a few birds, snakes, and wild pigs. On this island there is also a great platform protruding from the ground. This is the assemblies are held. It is mostly a sunny island, except for the rain and the occasional storm. After the plane loses the boys, they all end up on this island. The boys are as young as about five and about as old as a preteen boy. The younger boys are mostly frightened while on this island, while the older boys are also frightened, yet they are also excited. Throughout the novel there is tension between many of the boys, which makes the atmosphere uneasy. The boys are also lazy so nothing gets done, which adds to the tension because nothing gets done. This is the basic setting of the novel.Characters: Jack MerridewJack Merridew was one...

Global Misconceptions in The WHO Video

Global Misconceptions in The WHO Video Introduction The WHO video on chronic illness acts as a revelation, for the reason that it provides the audience with a view of the chronic health conditions in the developing countries. It serves to dispel numerous myths and misconceptions about the suffering of people in the third world countries from what have traditionally been viewed as lifestyle diseases, mostly affecting residents of the developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Misconceptions in The WHO Video specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People have tended to assume that the third world countries were immune or at least not prone to conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart attacks, among others (WHO, 2014). Despite the assumptions, the video dismisses this information by indicating that 80% of the people who die come from low and middle-income nations. In addition, they are likely to affect women and children as they would affect men. The video contains several personal stories of victims from developing countries, most of whom are living in poverty and have been severely affected by chronic diseases. The stories focused on people living with chronic diseases and the underlying risks, given that today millions of people are dying, and many others are becoming disabled because of chronic diseases (WHO, 2014). The stories are aimed at raising the awareness. They demonstrate the very deep and personal impact of the diseases on individuals, their families, and communities. Are individual behaviors to blame? Individuals are not necessarily responsible for getting chronic conditions since, although the causes are known, many people often suffer from them even when they have not been exposed. In addition, some of them are genetic and/or environmental, which limits the extent to which potential victims can take actions. However, in some cases, individuals’ lifestyles significantly contribute to their vulnera bility. For example, someone who consumes excess amounts of junk food or alcohol would have relatively high chances of suffering from diabetes. Similarly, a heavy smoker would also be at a high risk of suffering from cancer because of his or her lifestyle (WHO, 2014). Nonetheless, the idea that nothing can be done is fallacious, since there are numerous measures that an individual can take to protect himself or herself.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These include regular exercises, a healthy diet, and frequent medical checkups. While they might not eliminate the risks of getting a condition, such as cancer or diabetes, risks would be significantly reduced. Developed vs. developing countries While chronic diseases are for the most part preventable, governments and health organizations in many third world countries have found it very difficult to address them due to s everal factors. In developing nations, the education levels are very low, which result in ignorance that complicates efforts to provide citizens with health education. In some societies, people refuse to accept the connection between lifestyle and illness, and blame supernatural powers or witchcraft. In addition, owing to insufficient funds and/or research data in relation to the scope of the problem, efforts to address these problems are often disorganized. Hence, they tend not to be very effective. Conversely, on the West, an educated population takes the issue very seriously, and many studies have been carried out on it, which makes it comparatively easy to address the matter (WHO, 2014). However, in the developed nations, there is a unique challenge because, despite the awareness of the risk factors, people often ignore them. In low-income nations, the main challenge is to get sufficient resources to fight the diseases, while, in the high-income ones, it is to educate people abo ut the risks of chronic diseases. Reference WHO. (Executive producer). (2014). Face to face with chronic disease. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.

The History of 911 Emergency Calls

The History of 911 Emergency Calls Who designed and installed the first 911 emergency telephone call system in the United States? Alabama Telephone Company 911 Pioneers The race to be first will always be part of human nature as long as a bridge remains to be crossed, mountains to be climbed, or a telephone exchange to be cut-over, with a team working together as Alabama Telephone had. B.W. (Bob) Gallagher - President of the Alabama Telephone Company a subsidiary of Continental Telephone. Initiated and directed the overall 911 effort.Robert (Bob) Fitzgerald - Inside State Plant Manager. Designed and engineered the needed circuitry for the first U.S. 911 system.Jimmy White - Technician on 911 installation team.Glenn Johnston - Technician on 911installation team.Al Bush - Technician on 911 installation team.Pete Gosa - Technician on 911 installation team. Need for a Universal Number Emergency Call System The ability to dial a single number to report emergencies was first used in Great Britain, in 1937. The British could dial 999 to call for police, medical or fire departments, from anywhere in the country. In 1958, the American Congress first investigated a universal emergency number for the United States and finally passed the legal mandate in 1967. The very first American 911 call was placed on February 16, 1968, in Haleyville, Alabama made by Alabama Speaker of the House, Rankin Fite and answered by Congressman Tom Bevill.   The new emergency number had to be three numbers that were not in use in the United States or Canada as the first three numbers of any phone number or area code, and the numbers had to be easy to use. The Federal Trade Commission along with ATT (which held a monopoly on phone services at that time) originally announced the plans to build the first 911 system in Huntington, Indiana. Alabama Telephone Company Takes the Initiative Bob Gallagher, President of the Alabama Telephone, was annoyed that the independent phone industry had not been consulted. Gallagher decided to beat ATT to the punch line and have the first 911 emergency service built in Haleyville, Alabama.   Gallagher consulted with Bob Fitzgerald, his state inside-plant manager. Fitzgerald let Gallagher know that he could do it. Gallagher moved quickly getting approvals from Continental Telephone and the Alabama Public Service commissioner and releasing a press release on February 9 announcing that the Alabama Telephone Company would be making history. Fitzgerald examined all twenty-seven Alabama exchanges choosing the Haleyville location, and then engineered the new circuitry and made the modifications needed for the existing equipment. Fitzgerald and his team worked around the clock to install the first 911 emergency system in under one week. The team worked their regular day jobs in Fayette, traveling each night to Haleyville to do the 911 work during off-peak hours. The work was completed on February 16, 1968, at exactly 2 p.m. celebrated with a team cheer of Bingo! Details of this story were provided by Reba Fitzgerald, wife of Robert Fitzgerald.

Electricity Industry in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electricity Industry in the U.S - Essay Example Coal is the leading electricity generating source. In 2013, 39.1% of electricity was generated using coal. Natural Gas was second with 27.4%. The nuclear source contributed to 19.4% of the total electricity generated in that year while renewable sources like solar and wind generation had 12.9%. Other sources of electricity had the least percentage of only 1.2%. Compared to the same data recorded in 2006, the share controlled by natural gases had dropped dramatically from 70%. Nuclear energy was contributed to 20% in 2006 while renewable energy rose from 3% in 2006. However, the percentage contributed by coal was not shown in 2006. Hence, it could be assumed that a coal production is a form of electricity generation in the US. The electricity industry in the U.S is comprised of several companies and stakeholders that offer services through electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Other industrial players are domestic and commercial market operators besides product sales personnel. A survey conducted in 1996 showed that there were at least 3200 utility firms engaging in power distribution. Among the 3200 firms, at most 1000 engaged in electricity generation (Only ten were government owned while the rest were private enterprises) (Blume, 2007, p. 83). In the US, electricity transmission is carried out under the supervision of independent system operators and regional transmission firms. The electricity transmitting organization focusses at offering equity services rather than being profit oriented. These utilities and organizations are controlled by public institutions, for example, Department of energy that generates electricity policies and Environmental Protection Policies that develop environmental policies.

Strategy Assignment-Hospital or Health System Case Study - 1

Strategy Assignment-Hospital or Health System - Case Study Example The organization enjoys as a world-class Medicare center status (Magnet Status) having recorded tremendous achievements in their strive to deliver better services guided by their pillar mission of meeting the demands of the patients by offering high quality services through heightened professionalism. In Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital has four centers that work to deliver quality professionals healthcare through its large pool of doctors, nurses, social workers among other health service providers who dedicate their lives to restoring the state of well-being amongst the society members. Additionally, it is a teaching institute that provides a practical framework within which medical competence can be enhanced. It as well as engages in research to curb health issues challenging the community (MGH, 2015). The hospital has the desire to continually provide high quality world-class health services. The institution’s structure is based on functionality and various units are classified according to the roles they play. Massachusetts General Physicians Organization (MGPO) is a union with own goals embedded in the overall organizational objectives (MGH, 2015). The hospital is headed by David Torchiana as its CEO who works closely with the head of units and departments to ensure coordination and efficiency in operations. In every unit and discipline there is a head such as the chief nurse and many other who head other areas of specialization. This functional structure works well as the units are headed by experts in the respective disciplines. If another structure such as divisional was used it would create confusion since a manager may head a discipline they do not understand (Buchbinder and Sharks, 2012). The institutions strive for excellence is enabled by the strict criteria used by the HR department in ensuring only highly qualified employees are hired. Training and personnel development are usually

Ehical perspective of business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ehical perspective of business - Assignment Example Business and individuals therefore when left on its will do whatever it takes to make a profit. It can only be mitigated by introducing ethics to temper its greed and have a sense of responsibility. Unethical practices are just very common particularly in business. Even us, as consumers are part of it without even knowing it. Once classic example is our participation and our encouragement for sweatshops to flourish by our patronage to their products. They employ bondage and child labor with despicable working conditions and they continue to exist because of us. And just when we thought that big businesses are not involved in employing sweatshops, we are very wrong because they are. Worst, they will even distance themselves and deny it when they are caught. I can cite the example of Swedish fast-fashion retailer  Hennes & Mauritz who subcontracted to a sweat shop in Cambodia whose building collapsed that killed many of its workers. Instead of being remorseful, Hennes & Mauritz instead denied approval of their orders to the factory to distance itself from the issue (O’Keeffe and Narin). Another company involved is Asics, a Japanese sneaker company. Asics however took a different approach and instead said that it will conduct an investigation to mitigate public anger of being a party to employing sweatshops (Cheang). These cases illustrate that business is indeed amoral that put ethics in business may seem to be an oxymoron because they contradict each other (Crane and Matten, 2006). This would not have happened without our participation and part of the equation of the blame is on us because we patronize and even seek products that are made from sweatshops. Actions which may be considered unethical such as deception and use of sweatshops may even become permissible as long they can become profitable. And if they are exposed, they will readily deny involvement

Afterschool programs for kids in saudi arabia Essay

Afterschool programs for kids in saudi arabia - Essay Example While education is developing in Saudi Arabia, kids still don’t have the programs that can help them discover their potential skills and talents. Most kids waste their time during after school time either watching TV or playing video games at home. Having an after school program would be a very positive addition learning in Saudi Arabia. The concept of after school programs is not well developed in Saudi Arabia with very few programs available in the kingdom. According to Hirsch (year), After school programs have shown results of improved â€Å"homework completion, better test scores, higher grades, and even better psychological development of the student†. This is the main project that I will pursue as soon as I get back home. I am going back to Saudi Arabia in July 2012. My project will commence as an after school program by September 2013. In the USA, after school programs have seen a tremendous growth in the recent decade. According to an estimate by Afterschool Alliance (2009), â€Å"at least 6 million ( eleven percent) of school-age youth regularly participated in after-school programs during School Year 2002-2003†. The numbers of after school programs participants have increased lately with about 8.4 million K†12 children (roughly fifteen-percent) attending afterschool Programs by 2009 (Afterschool Alliance, 2009). There are a many good reasons why parents want their children to attend after-school programs. Primarily, Carver and Iruka (2006) believe that these programs â€Å"provide diverse services such as academic instruction, cultural enrichment, safe places to stay, and adult supervision for children â€Å". ... TASC created a model for daily after-school programs that community organizations operate in partnership with schools, offering kids sports, arts, academic help and support for their healthy social and emotional development. TASC is dedicated to reversing that inequality and giving every student a fighting chance to succeed. Knowing that most US kids spend eighty-percent of their waking hours outside the school, TASC became determined to fill that gap with a useful activity. Since its establishment, TASC has helped 376,000 New York City kids, supported 486 New York City public schools, partnered with 328 community and cultural organizations and colleges and trained 16,000 community members to work in schools (TAC Annual Report). Education in Saudi Arabia From the time of its foundation in 1932 until now, Saudi Arabia has made tremendous progress in the field of education. In 1925, King Abdulaziz (in his capacity as the King of Najd and Hejaz – before the establishment of the K ingdom of Saudi Arabia) established â€Å"the Directorate of Education," the first formally organized educational center under the Ministry of the Interior because there was not enough qualified and educated people to establish an education department that represented what’s now known as the Ministry of Education. During its early years, Saudi Arabia made use of Egyptian assistance; however, not only as an aid for teaching by providing both the manpower as well as the knowhow . Furthermore, it has also helped subsidize the curriculum and organize the Saudi educational system. At that time, the Egyptian educational system was based on the English model; hence, it was but natural to also adopt the same educational model in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia’s first public school was

Enzymes lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enzymes - Lab Report Example Enzymes can be defined as biological molecules that catalyze metabolic reactions that sustain life. Enzymes are made of a complex protein and catalyze specific chemical changes within the body of animals and plants such as digestion of food to produce nutrients for the living organism thus the activity of all enzymes are controlled by the enzymes. Enzymes exhibit three major characteristics: increase rate of reaction, act specifically only in one substrate to produce products and can be regulated from a level of high activity to low activity and vice versa. This can be achieved by regulating certain factors affecting enzyme activity such as substrate concentration, pH, enzyme concentration and temperature (Bettelheim, et al, 2007). Lactase is a digestive enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose, a disaccharide sugar into simple sugars that can easily be digested. Lactose structure is made up of two rings which require a lot of energy to be broken down into two molecules of simple sugars. Lactose enzyme catalyzes this reaction by reducing the amount of energy required for the hydrolysis of lactose into two molecules of monosaccharide (Jones et al 2013). Lactase is an essential enzyme for mammals necessary to breakdown lactose into simple sugars that can easily be absorbed, thus in lactating animals, this enzyme is available. However, as human beings grow older, they lose their ability to produce lactase enzyme, a condition often referred to as lactose intolerant. Many biotechnology companies have come up with high quantities of lactase enzyme which is used by lactose intolerant individuals. In this regard, lactase enzyme is added into milk thus lactose is predigested before ingestion. In the definition of enzyme above, we mentioned that enzymes are proteins hence just like other proteins; temperatures are likely to affect them. According to (), high temperatures

Software to Support Assessment of the Comprehensive Classroom Essay

Software to Support Assessment of the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan - Essay Example I am supposed to click to and fro through many pages. I am forced to look at pictures of commodities whether I want to or not, whilst attempting to find the product that I need. As a student, I am bound to figure out that the design of this website is flat. Whilst the criteria are split into sub-segments, these sub-segments are not visually identified in navigation. Therefore, in the organization platform section, there is not a single item in the look of the course-plotting links to inform the student that all administration platforms are a different sub-segment from other types of administration platforms. Additionally, varying commodities exhibited and sold on this website are supposed to be the leading items even if it means navigating through this website through the â€Å"all† criterion. Every sub-segment is supposed to have its individual color piece so that it is distinct where the student is on the website (Williams, Boone and Kingsley, 2004, p. 213). Adding a â€Å" quick search† section would enable a student to simply list all commodities or services on one page. Utilizing the uncomplicated visual technology, it is likely to have the picture for every commodity come forth when the cursor is moved above the product. Visual recognition is still existent. The stocking of the commodity is slow and makes the impression of a heavy site. Is a student looks at the home page of a commodity’s criterion; there is a huge chance that they will look at the following page. Consequently, preloading the pictures for the following pages in the background will be helpful. Such an approach will make the pictures appear on the following pages. The commodity data is surrounded by exceedingly additional visual dialogue. It is similar to attempting to hear trades tone in a noisy room. The segment that deals with the number of people who purchased a certain commodity is very busy and distracts new students (Williams,

Enzymes lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enzymes - Lab Report Example Enzymes can be defined as biological molecules that catalyze metabolic reactions that sustain life. Enzymes are made of a complex protein and catalyze specific chemical changes within the body of animals and plants such as digestion of food to produce nutrients for the living organism thus the activity of all enzymes are controlled by the enzymes. Enzymes exhibit three major characteristics: increase rate of reaction, act specifically only in one substrate to produce products and can be regulated from a level of high activity to low activity and vice versa. This can be achieved by regulating certain factors affecting enzyme activity such as substrate concentration, pH, enzyme concentration and temperature (Bettelheim, et al, 2007). Lactase is a digestive enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose, a disaccharide sugar into simple sugars that can easily be digested. Lactose structure is made up of two rings which require a lot of energy to be broken down into two molecules of simple sugars. Lactose enzyme catalyzes this reaction by reducing the amount of energy required for the hydrolysis of lactose into two molecules of monosaccharide (Jones et al 2013). Lactase is an essential enzyme for mammals necessary to breakdown lactose into simple sugars that can easily be absorbed, thus in lactating animals, this enzyme is available. However, as human beings grow older, they lose their ability to produce lactase enzyme, a condition often referred to as lactose intolerant. Many biotechnology companies have come up with high quantities of lactase enzyme which is used by lactose intolerant individuals. In this regard, lactase enzyme is added into milk thus lactose is predigested before ingestion. In the definition of enzyme above, we mentioned that enzymes are proteins hence just like other proteins; temperatures are likely to affect them. According to (), high temperatures

Scene between Elizabeth and Proctor Essay Example for Free

Scene between Elizabeth and Proctor Essay During the two exchanges Miller creates semantic fields using temperature as the subject. In Act 1 this field focuses on heat to describe the relationship between John Proctor and Abigail. Within the exchange Abigail uses this imagery of heat frequently â€Å"I have a sense for heat† and â€Å"burning in your loneliness†. The words â€Å"heat† and â€Å"burning† create the semantic field and are used to portray the passion and lust that caused the affair. This use of heat also presents their relationship as alive as â€Å"heat† is immediately linked to fire through the use of the word â€Å"burning†. This causes their relationship to be seen as intense and bright like flame in a fire. The images of heat are immediately linked to their affair when Abigail says how he â€Å"sweated like a stallion†. This, â€Å"sweated†, is caused by their desire which is presented by heat during the scene. Miller uses this semantic field to present the relationship between the two characters as uncontrolled and based on carnal desire and lust rather than a relationship based on love which would last. Miller goes further to emphasise this as Abigail says â€Å"You are no wintry man†. This confirms that their relationship is based on â€Å"heat† as she even goes as far as to say that no coldness or even common sense is present within John when he is with her. This defines their relationship completely as she denies that coldness exists within them. In complete contrast to the semantic field of heat in Act 1, during the exchange between Elizabeth and Proctor the semantic field revolves around the cold. Miller uses this to present their relationship as controlled and strained. Elizabeth and Proctor’s relationship has been affected badly by the affair and the trust between the two is lost. John says how â€Å"it is winter in here yet.† The word â€Å"winter† affirms the feelings that the relationship is cold and now they are distant from one another. The use of â€Å"winter† also makes the audience feel as though, like nature in winter, the relationship between the two is dead. This is contrasting to the exchange in Act 1 as their relationship is portrayed like a fire which is alive and burns brightly and intensely. This dead atmosphere continues to grow as Proctor states how a â€Å"funeral marches round your heart.† The word â€Å"funeral† immediately conjures the images of death and the audience is alerted more prominently to the theme of death that surrounds their relationship. The mention of a â€Å"funeral† also stretches further to bring an element of sadness and despair to their relationship. This adds to the themes of cold and dead. Miller goes further to present their relationship as like ice. Proctor describes Elizabeth’s judgement as â€Å"your justice would freeze beer!†. This links to the semantic field of the cold and presents their relationship as hard and unyielding as ice. The use of the exclamation mark makes the feeling of cold more definite and pronounced. During both exchanges the atmosphere is presented as tense due to the affair which Proctor had with Abigail. In the scene with Elizabeth and Proctor it is prominent in the way they interact with one another and how the pace and volume begin to increase as the scene progresses. At the very beginning of the scene John is shown to be tampering with the stew Elizabeth has produced, â€Å"takes a pinch of salt, and drops it into the pot†, however, Elizabeth is not aware of this. Proctor does not want to offend Elizabeth or make their relationship more awkward so he seasons the stew without telling her. This could be interpreted as the beginning of the tension in Act 2 as the audience would think it unnatural that a married couple do not share their true feelings to one another. The tension is amplified when Elizabeth is presented as being suspicious of Proctor, â€Å"What keeps you so late†, she appears to be insecure and suspicious as to whether he is still having an affair with Abigail. Their relationship is not presented as stable but forced and strained. This causes tension in the audience as they are aware of the underlying issues but here feelings are being suppressed and the audience know that at some point they will have to be released. The biggest increase in tension is caused by the increase in volume. John begins to shout at Elizabeth, â€Å"I’ll not have it!†, the exclamation mark shows this obvious increase in volume. Here, the audience knows that all the emotions that have been suppressed are now being expressed. This is similar to â€Å"the crucible† imagery as their emotions have been â€Å"bubbling† under the surface and have now spilt out. This increase in volume creates the most tension as it is similar to the build up of volume that the audience experienced in Act 1, the audience know that there will soon be climax of tension which will lead to a disaster. Similarly, in the exchange between Abigail and Proctor, tension steadily increases as the scene progresses. The first cause of tension within the scene is the audience’s realisation of an affair between Abigail and Proctor. This domestic tension is already strong as the audience are aware of the religious back ground from which both characters belong.  Another contrast between the two exchanges is how feelings are shown between the two characters. During Abigail’s and Proctor’s exchange the feelings between the two are presented as uncontrollable and wild. Abigail says how John â€Å"sweated like a stallion whenever I come near!† The bestial imagery is used to describe their sexual relations. Miller does this to show how low their actions were and how they responded to carnal desire instead of abstaining and following their heads. The bestial imagery also presents them as untamed and so therefore not in control of their reactions or emotions. This sense of uncontrollability is continued with the repeated use of the word â€Å"wild†. â€Å"A wild thing may say wild things† This portrays Abigail and John as untamed and reinforces the idea that they are animal like. This makes the audience understand how they are relying on pure instinct alone and not using common sense to make decisions. During the exchange Abigail is not hesitant to respond to any sign that John is being affectionate. John is described as having â€Å"his smile widening†, this could be perceived as slightly flirtatious and therefore confirms that there is an attraction between the two. Abigail immediately responds to this slight flirtation quite strongly. â€Å"Give me a soft word, John. A soft word. [Her concentrated desire destroys his smile]†, Abigail is shown as pleading with John. Her dialogue presents her as desperate for his affection and the use of the phrase â€Å"concentrated desire† during the stage directions shows her inability to control her emotions as they are â€Å"concentrate† which impies they are incredibly strong and not easily contained. During the exchange between Elizabeth and Proctor, the portrayal of their emotions is much more controlled than in the exchange between Proctor and Abigail. The two characters are hesitant and are careful in picking their words. Elizabeth and Proctor seem to be making â€Å"small talk† and exchanging pleasantries. The two characters do not elaborate and act as if they have just met, â€Å"are you well today?† to which Elizabeth replies â€Å"I am†. These short sentences show the simplicity of their exchange and present their relationship as false and acted. Elizabeth and Proctor keep their emotions contained and stay on safe topics to avoid the underlying issues. During the stage directions Miller wrote â€Å"It is as though she would speak but cannot†. This immediately shows her emotions being suppressed as it appears that she cannot move on from Proctor’s betrayal. Elizabeth is hesitant to talk about her feelings or about the problem within their relationship. This is a stark contrast to the previous exchange between Abigail and Proctor as during their exchange their feelings were clearly shown and the issue was tackled directly. Elizabeth continues to control the output of her emotions when John kisses her. Her response to Proctor is minimal and she appears quiet and unresponsive. â€Å"Kisses her. She receives it†, Millers use of short sentences again shows the simplicity of the exchange. The verb â€Å"receives† shows her to be passive as she does not respond to Proctor’s affectionate gesture. This again contrasts to the previous exchange as Abigail immediately responded to any slight indication of affection.

Theories of Kant for Company Ethics

Theories of Kant for Company Ethics Early growth in computer processing had little effect on jobs, But as year goes by artificial intelligent had evolve to a point where it is able to think like a human as more and more large amount of new skills were being captured. With these robots, automation or software it is possible to replace people who’s worked in manufacturing industry, service industry or even agriculture industry. Since the notable advancement in computing technology which moves from improved industrial robotics to automated translation service. Andrew McAfee believes that these transition had becoming the reasons behind the sluggish employment growth of the last 10 to 15 years as the rapid technological change has been destroying job faster than it is creating them. (Andrew McAfee, 2012) Therefore, a new argument had risen over the years among employer and employees whether should companies should be responsible for the unemployment caused by their information system. Hence several ethical point of view had been brought up to response to this issue where from ethical egoism point of view believes that companies should not responsible for unemployment as with the information system they are able to benefit from a long term profit therefore this is a morally right action. But Kantianism point of view will be discussed throughout this article to respond to this issue. Kantianism is a deontological ethical theory that concludes that the only good thing in the world that can be called good without qualification is a good will. (Michael J.Quinn, 2003) This bring us back to the issue where should companies be responsible for unemployment caused by their information system. From Kantianism perspective, companies should be responsible for unemployment as Kantianism theory had pointed out that when ones struggles between what ones’ want to do and what ones’ ought to do, what ones’ want to do is no longer important. Ones should only focus on what ones’ ought to do (Michael J.Quinn, 2003). Therefore, the discussion below will look into several categorical imperative formulation that were proposed by Kant to have an in depth view to determine whether companies should or should not be responsible for from Kantianism perspective. Categorical Imperative first formulation poses the basic conception of fairness and universalizability where there will be a consistent law that were tailored for everyone and not there cannot be one rule for me and another for everyone else. For examples, if a company starts to retrench employees that were caused by their information system and felt that it is ok for that company to retrench their employees by doing so companies will be denying and destroy the relationship between employees and employers where employees will lose trust in their employers as they might just get replaced anytime by Information System which leads them to lower productivity and the whole act of making them unemployed will be self-destructing. The desire for consistency will drives the first formulation where could companies retrench employee cause of their information system? Of course not, If every companies in the whole starts to implement information system and replacing their worker with it, it will cause an immense chaos to the world economy where 40% of low income manual labor will lose their jobs in United State and also shifting the bull’s eye onto the middle class workers where jobs like accountant might be replaced by software too. This would lead to severe loss of foundation income for their families where day to day expenses will be a huge problems for these families. (SHOULD ADD MORE IMPACT ONTO THE WHOLE SOCIETY LATER)Since if every company implements information system and causes unemployment, everyone would be unemployed which will disrupt the whole economy and lead the whole world to poverty all because of a personal interest. Therefore, it is wrong for a company to cause unemployment due to their implemented information system and company have to responsible for this issue that were caused by them solely for maximizing their profits. Categorical Imperative second formulation can be seen as the act in such a way that you always  treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a mean but always at the same time as an end. (Michael Rohlf, 2010). Therefore, portrait that rational agency is to be valued for its own sake â€Å"as an end† and that it is therefore illegitimate ever to treat a rational agent merely as a means to an end. Looking back to the case study provided, by implementing information system and causing unemployment, company had treated their employees as a mean to an end. The company sacrifices the job opportunity of their employees in order to achieve a lower cost for their product and higher productivity but at the cost of retrenching their workers. It was wrong for the company to retrench their employees as the company is treating their employees as a working machine rather than a rational agent with whom they could work with and try to collaborate machines with human instead of replacing all of the employees to solely automations. According to Kant there are two types of beings one being known as persons and other known as things.(H.J Paton, 1964) A person consist of infinite worth whereas things have a finite worth and can be bought or sold. In this case, company had treated their employees as a ‘things’ instead of a ‘person’ as company weighs them as a finite worth and retrench them in order to achieve company’s need which is to obtain a low cost production and being able to maximize shareholder’s wealth. Therefore, company is responsible for the unemployment cause by implementation of information system as according to categorical imperative second formulation, there should be moral exchanges between parties, as each parties treat each other not solely as an object of instrumental value alone but as objects of intrinsic value too. Thus, company should recognize their employees as au tonomous and rational human beings that are capable of willing freely and not upset or frustrate the freedom and autonomy of their employees by channeling forces or threats to retrench them just because their productivity is not on par as machines. Categorical Imperative third formulation stated that all maxims as proceeding from our own making of law ought to harmonize with a possible kingdom of end. In lay man’s term it means that in considering morality, we need to imagine ourselves making law in a Kingdom of people who are ends in themselves and should not act selfishly or be swayed by emotions which in our case company implementing information system in their organization. Whilst these automation could help in increasing the overall productivity, lowering down total product cost and also results in a higher earning does not mean that ones have to do it, instead company should integrate or implement partial machines that could help in increasing the overall productivity. In so doing, these company will make law for rational people where when we are torn between universal moral laws (retrenching employees without any proper reason will cause upsets to them which will demoralized them and ending their source of income) and particular desires produced in us (implementing machines to maximizes profit), you find a rational solutions to aid the problems (inter-cooperate human and machines together) which does achieve a particular desires and does falling towards either side. That said being able to look at several Kant’s point of view, we could conclude that Kant had several point of view where first formulation focuses on universalized rules where ones act only on that principle of action through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law where if rule is universalized, any companies that implemented information system will have to retrench their employees, employees loses their job and thus lowering the purchasing power which would results in more economy downturn. Therefore the rules is self-defeating and it company should be responsible for the unemployment caused by their information system. However, the second point of view focuses on looks into treating people as ends in themselves rather than means to ends. Therefore, company should not treat employees as a mean to end by retrenching them just because they had found a better substitute for them instead company should treat them as a rational people where coll aborating them into catching up with new skill sets to work on other fields. Lastly, Kant’s third formulation states that in everything ones do and every autonomous action ones makes, ones is required to picture himself/herself as a person writing the law for a new kingdom where everybody must treat everybody else as end in themselves which company have to find a rational principle of act to solve the issue between maximizing profit and unemployment where it will harmonize both parties. #Provide real world examples. References http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/515926/how-technology-is-destroying-jobs/ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/ http://hercules.gcsu.edu/~hedmonds/lecture%20notes/kant%20lecture%20notes.htm http://theeconomiccollapseblog.com/archives/50-economic-numbers-from-2011-that-are-almost-too-crazy-to-believe https://financesonline.com/blue-collar-blues-are-we-losing-our-blue-collar-workers/ http://www2.fiu.edu/~harrisk/Notes/Ethics/KANT.htm Biblography http://thepietythatliesbetween.blogspot.com.au/2011/08/kantian-ethics-part-3-second.html http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/06/this-is-the-way-blue-collar-america-ends/276554/ http://www.businessinsider.com.au/why-blue-collar-jobs-are-dissapearing-2012-1 http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/12/15/9461848-dismal-prospects-1-in-2-americans-are-now-poor-or-low-income http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/5i.htm http://thepietythatliesbetween.blogspot.com.au/search?q=kantian+ethics http://www.rsrevision.com/Alevel/ethics/revision/kant_aspects_of_theory.pdf