Established Organization Rules - 1238 Words

1. All members and guests shall possess a valid hunting and/or fishing license. 2. All members and guests shall comply with all Virginia, Federal, and local regulations. 3. While on premises, all members and guests shall maintain safe gun handling practices, including never shooting in the direction of people, buildings, or livestock. 4. No member or guest shall engage in hunting or shooting practices while under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs. 5. All gates shall be left as found any damage to roads caused by members or guests will be repaired by club. Any direct property damage will be paid for by offender. 6. Members and guest shall exercise due care to prevent fires; and shall not cause or permit damage to fences, crops,†¦show more content†¦16. Any member in violation of any law depending on the severity may be subject to a one week suspension of hunting privileges. Any violation after shall be subject to the review board for further action. 17. All kills including, predators, must be reported to the hunt club president and secretary via picture message (if neither are present the day of the kill) and inserted into the Game log kept inside the lodge. All jawbones from harvested deer will be removed for aging. A trophy buck jawbone may be removed by taxidermist. Deer must be weighed, measured and logged appropriately in accordance with the DMAP program using the cleaning station behind hunting lodge. (You do not have to clean your deer here if you choose not to). 18. This farm is managed by QDMA and DMAP Programs. Mature bucks of 3.5 years or older may be harvested. (Rack must be at least as wide as ears tips and have 6 or more points. This will ensure that mature bucks of 3.5 years or older are harvested.) DO NOT SHOOT BASKET RACKS OR SPIKES. Does 1.5 years or older old can be harvested. DO NOT SHOOT FAWNS. The killing of an ineligible deer will result in a 100 dollar fine. This does NOT apply to a youth hunter who has never killed a deer or a buck. 19. Any member or guest that wounds an animal and does not recover it is subject to a 20 dollar fine. 20. All members are required to attend at least 3 work days a year, failure to do so will require a 75 dollar fee. 21. All moniesShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Technology in Developing Effective Teamwork in Organizations1147 Words   |  5 PagesDeveloping Effective Teamwork in Organizations: Teamwork is one of the most important elements for the effectiveness of an organization in achieving its goals because people are an essential building block of total quality management within the organization. Actually, the main responsibility of the achievement of quality lies with the individual or group carrying out the organizational activities and processes. 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The Environment Where Public Administration Is Being...

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how challenging the environment where public administration is being implemented can be in countries that are just developing. The importance of governments and public administrators in these countries is high. They play a very important role when it comes to sustaining new development and maintain economic growth. The main roles of a government are to protect the environment, reduce socio-economic inequality, combat poverty, and support both social and private sector development, among others. The only way governments can accomplish this is to strengthen the public administrators in order to fulfill these need and ensure that expectations are met. An example of an environment this essay will delve into will be the sub-Saharan African environment. This environment in particular is affected by massive amounts of debt, poverty, HIV/AIDS, other diseases, famine, corruption throughout the government and violations of human rights. Sub-Saharan Africa is home to the world’s largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS. This region faces a disaster if not fixed soon. This epidemic has stopped the development and economic growth in that region. While this is taking place in the sub-Saharan region of Africa, the entire continent is struggling. For developing countries, there is mostly corruption in the government by public officials and therefore it is difficult to have a stable government that can help it to grow. With that being said,Show MoreRelatedPolice Agencies Are Multifarious Organizations Comprised1073 Words   |  5 Pageshierarchical relation between citizens and administration. Over the past several years agencies have changed internally and externally. Consequently personnel must upgrade their knowledge, skills, and techniques. Bureaucratic organization is part of contemporary democracies that enrich our understanding of public administration. 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Both Tunisia and Libya started their promising journey in the post-coup era towards a more democratic political environment. However, it has proven a challenge particularly for Libya as they never experienced a democratic rule despite having elections in accordance with democratic values during the reign of King Idris. Tunisia under the rule of Ben Ali had very limitedRead MorePatient Care For A Nurse1155 Words   |  5 Pageswell as how to treat it. When nurses are passing medication to a patient they must follow the ten rights of medication administration to ensure delivery of safe and quality patient care. Medication administration is defined as the preparing, giving, and evaluation of the effectiveness of prescription and nonprescription drugs. (Mosby’s, 2009) The ten rights to medication administration is the right person, right drug, right dosage, right route, right time, right documentation, right education, right

Roles of the Team Members -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: The Simulation Program requires you to form teams and assign roles to team members. A role must be specified for each team member. This assessment is a short report assigning roles, role description. Answer: Introduction Contemporary business organizations have to maintain various aspects in surviving and staying ahead in the competition. Moreover, the dairy industry in Australia is much more intense than it is few years ago (Regulations, 2013). Thus, AU Dairy being a newly entered firm in this industry also has to maintain various expertise and departments effectively. This report will discuss about the roles of the team members in their respective departments. Moreover, the mission and vision of the organization will also be discussed along with the strategies to comply with the team roles. Organizational structure The organizational structure of AU Dairy follows flat and horizontal approach. It helps in effective communication among the internal stakeholders (Cummings Worley, 2014). The main structure of the organization is being divided in four main departments. Quality, sales, finance and human resource are the main four departments which will be headed by respective department heads. All the department heads will report to the CEO of the organization. Decision making process of the respective departments will be looked after the department heads. Mission statement of the organization aimed at providing highest possible customer service and products with adhering with all the aspects of ethical principles (Salem Khalifa, 2012). Vision statement of the organization aimed at being the most sustainable organization in the industry along with achieving the position of market leader. Ethical principles to be followed by all the stakeholders in the organization are being designed with consensus among all the department heads. The organizational principles of ethics are being implemented and monitored directly by the CEO. Figure: 1. Organizational hierarchy Quality department In an industry like dairy, quality department holds an important role in maintaining the overall quality in the product portfolios. As dairy industry caters with the food and health of the consumers, thus, quality is one of the most important criteria to be maintained. Decision making process regarding any departmental aspects will be conducted by the department head. The departmental head is being chosen based on the experience on research and development. The main responsibility of this department is to look after the pre-determined quality of the products and rectify it accordingly in the production process (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The responsibility of the department head in the meeting is to provide the evidence of proper quality control as well as certificates from the leading quality testing labs. The main unique selling proposition of the organization is depended on this department. This is due to the reason that, the quality and standard maintained by them is the key factor f or attracting customers. Sales department The main responsibility of the sales department is to look after the sales and marketing of the dairy products being produced. They are responsible for the promotional and advertising activities in various mediums (Zhurkina, Ukhanova Nikishin, 2015). The department head is being selected on the basis of the experience in marketing and sales. Sales department works in coordinating with the quality department. This is due to the reason that, the quality benchmark that is being fulfilled by the quality department is being advertised by them. In the meeting the main responsibility of the sales department is to present the proof of effectiveness of the marketing campaigning and the improvement in the sale chart due to their implemented policies. This department holds a key position in the management due to the reason that sales department is the only department which deals with the end or outside customers directly (Arnett Wittmann, 2014). They represent the organization to the customer s. Moreover, the survival of the organization in the market is heavily depended on the effectiveness of the marketing activities implemented by them. Human resource department The main responsibility of this department is to look after the activities of the employees in the organization. In the present business scenario, employee management plays an important role in increasing the productivity of the organization. Thus, human resource department will look after the welfare of the employees and will implement various measures in enhancing their performance (Shields et al., 2015). This department will work in coordination with other departments due to the reason that the training required in the sales and marketing and quality department will be given by the human resource department. Thus, they have complied with the activities with other departments in order to determine the changing demand of skills and training required. In the meeting, the main responsibility of this department is to prove the effectiveness of the training process being implemented in the organization. Moreover, it should be shown that to what extent, performances of the employees are being enhanced. Finance department The main responsibility of this department is to look after the allocation of the financial resources in various department and activities of the organization. They are also responsible to monitor and auditing the financial performance of the organization. Adhering with the accounting statements and publishing the true and clear accounting report is also the responsibility of this department (Donelson, Mclnnis Mergenthaler, 2012). This department coordinates with other departments to determine the requirement of the financial resources for their respective activities. The department head of this department will be responsible to report to the CEO about any fraud in the organization. In the meeting, the main responsibility of this department is to present the accurate financial report and budget for the coming year. They are also responsible to meet and follow ethical principles in presenting the accounting reports. Conclusion Having analyzed the activities of various departments in the organization, it can be concluded that all the activities for the respective departments are being effectively allocated. All the department heads are being selected based on the expertise and they are made aware about their specific responsibilities. Coordination among the departments is also being determined to ensure the effectiveness of organizational structure. It will help in effective fulfillment of the organizational goals and objectives. Moreover, the flat and horizontal organizational structure will help to promote mutual cooperation and effective communication in the internal organization. It will further enhance the effectiveness of the departments in the organization. References Arnett, D. B., Wittmann, C. M. (2014). Improving marketing success: The role of tacit knowledge exchange between sales and marketing.Journal of Business Research,67(3), 324-331. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Donelson, D. C., McInnis, J. M., Mergenthaler, R. D. (2012). Rules-based accounting standards and litigation.The Accounting Review,87(4), 1247-1279. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Regulations, P. (2013). Australian Dairy Industry. Salem Khalifa, A. (2012). Mission, purpose, and ambition: redefining the mission statement.Journal of Strategy and Management,5(3), 236-251. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Zhurkina, L. S., Ukhanova, J. A., Nikishin, A. F. (2015). Promotional activities in trade and different ways to improve them.Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, (5-6), 157-158.

Loss Of Innocence Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Loss Of Innocence Essay, Research Paper The Loss of Innocence Certain childhood experiences are missed out by some people because of bad lucks early on in life. Any unfortunate event could do the loss of artlessness and do a child mature before his or her clip. This event or experience would do them to give their artlessness. Many pieces of literature contain the loss of artlessness as a subject. Examples of these would be The Scarlet Letter, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and The Catcher in the Rye. The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a novel that shows the subject of the loss of artlessness. Although it is non a major subject, it can be used to depict Pearl, the girl of Hester Prynne. Hester treated Pearl like the wickedness she committed, criminal conversation, so she grew up like it. Hester pleaded to maintain Pearl because? all that she had was the vermilion missive and her child. We will write a custom essay sample on Loss Of Innocence Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; She is the populating grounds of Hester? s offense and she is a portion of her female parent? s shame. The vermilion missive printed on Hester? s thorax is at that place to remind everyone of Hester? s guilt, which is something Pearl did every bit good. When Hester and Pearl went to see Governor Bellingham, Hester told them how she felt about her girl. Sadly, she felt about the same thing the Puritans did. However she besides declared her love for Pearl. ? She is my felicity # 8211 ; she is my anguish, none the less. Pearl keeps me here in life! Pearl punishes me excessively! ? . The Puritans thought that this small miss was influenced by the Satan. She was a small like the carrier of the truth. None of the other kids were allowed around Pearl so she had no friends. She had a batch to manage as a kid so this compromised her artlessness. Pearl was being punished for her female parent? s wickednesss and she wasn? t accepted as a normal kid her age would be. She had excessively much to bear at a immature age. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which was written by Mark Twain, Huck matures rapidly because he has to assist Jim get away the sick luck of bondage. He is torn between the values of society and his immature, guiltless scruples. He is tormented by the idea of turning Jim in and making what everyone else thinks is right or remaining loyal to his new-found comrade. He besides has to utilize his intelligence to acquire down the river and convey Jim to safety. By doing these determinations he is no longer a kid. He loses artlessness and becomes an grownup because he doesn? Ts have to do the determinations a kid his age usually has to. Their were legion occasions in The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, where loss of artlessness was used as a subject. The first, was when Holden broke the window when Allie died. Losing his brother was a difficult clip for him. For him, Allie was the definition of artlessness. This was because Allie was a kid when he died. He didn? t grow to be an grownup and become corrupted. Another major clip is when he is speaking about the kids in the Rye field. Them falling off of the border is their autumn from artlessness. Holden wanted to salvage them from losing their artlessness, so he wanted to catch them before they fell. He wanted to catch them before they became greedy and careless. In this novel, one is repeatedly reminded of what Holden thinks of everyone but himself. He hated society so much that he would go forth school because of it. When asked why he left his old school he replied, ? One of the biggest grounds I left Elkton Hills was because I was surrounded by hypocrites. They were coming in through the goddam window. ? Holden # 8217 ; s parents can besides be a factor in his compulsion with maintaining artlessness. They tried to restrict him to be like them in their universe. That was something he didn # 8217 ; T want. To him all grownups, including his parents, were corrupted. They were hypocrites. This was the ground he wanted his sister to state the manner she was and the same age she was. Along with his younger brother, Holden? s younger sister was the one individual he cared approximately. Phoebe was still guiltless but Holden was afraid of the twenty-four hours when she would turn up and go one of the people he hated. In decision, many people? s artlessness is lost because of tragic experiences in life. Many novels and pieces of literature contain illustrations on the loss of artlessness. The loss of artlessness is besides the subject for many of these novels. Examples of these would be The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain.

Free Essays on Child Sacrifice

Child sacrifice was a part of the Hebrew Bible. Whether or not you believe that the actual act of child sacrifice occurred, it is still a part of the bible and part of what created religion. In particular, in genesis 22 Abraham was instructed by God to sacrifice his son Isaac. Even though the sacrifice never occurred, the asking and willingness between God and Abraham play a major role in these religions. The three major religions that we are studying: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all agree that this event occurred. One thing that you must ask when discussing child sacrifice is how someone would willingly kill his or her child. One major consideration that you have to think of is the time period. Child sacrifice today is something that is not condoned upon. Even though many religions that people strongly believe have originated from child sacrifice. Abraham believed in a God. Abraham would do anything for â€Å"this† God that he believed in. We know this because he was going to sacrifice his son, Isaac. If not for the angel that had stopped Abraham, he would have committed the sacrifice. For this reason you have to question Abraham and you have to question God. Was God simply testing Abraham’s faith with no intention of harming Isaac, or does God support child sacrifice? To answer this you have to know if child sacrifice occurred and if God truly believed in it. This question cannot truly be answered, but people have different theories. You also have to wonder why Abraham is thought of as the father of monotheism. Is this because he was willing to follow God’s command even though his command was technically murder? In order to answer this you have to consider someone’s faith to their religion and their strong belief and faith that what God is asking them to do is for a reason and God’ s reason is correct. Without the binding of Isaac however, the three main religions could not have developed the way the... Free Essays on Child Sacrifice Free Essays on Child Sacrifice Child sacrifice was a part of the Hebrew Bible. Whether or not you believe that the actual act of child sacrifice occurred, it is still a part of the bible and part of what created religion. In particular, in genesis 22 Abraham was instructed by God to sacrifice his son Isaac. Even though the sacrifice never occurred, the asking and willingness between God and Abraham play a major role in these religions. The three major religions that we are studying: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all agree that this event occurred. One thing that you must ask when discussing child sacrifice is how someone would willingly kill his or her child. One major consideration that you have to think of is the time period. Child sacrifice today is something that is not condoned upon. Even though many religions that people strongly believe have originated from child sacrifice. Abraham believed in a God. Abraham would do anything for â€Å"this† God that he believed in. We know this because he was going to sacrifice his son, Isaac. If not for the angel that had stopped Abraham, he would have committed the sacrifice. For this reason you have to question Abraham and you have to question God. Was God simply testing Abraham’s faith with no intention of harming Isaac, or does God support child sacrifice? To answer this you have to know if child sacrifice occurred and if God truly believed in it. This question cannot truly be answered, but people have different theories. You also have to wonder why Abraham is thought of as the father of monotheism. Is this because he was willing to follow God’s command even though his command was technically murder? In order to answer this you have to consider someone’s faith to their religion and their strong belief and faith that what God is asking them to do is for a reason and God’ s reason is correct. Without the binding of Isaac however, the three main religions could not have developed the way the...

First-Person Pronouns in Academic Writing - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

First-Person Pronouns in Academic Writing First-Person Pronouns in Academic Writing During school, many of us were told to never use â€Å"I† in an essay. And so we went on to college, trying our best to write papers without using any first-person pronouns. But where does this rule come from? And is it really wrong to use â€Å"I† in an essay? Read on to find out! When Not to Use â€Å"I† in Academic Writing It is true that using too many first-person pronouns in a college paper will look bad. This is because it looks like you’re expressing an opinion rather than discussing facts. For instance: I think the Watergate scandal had a big effect on American politics. The â€Å"I think† here is unnecessary. Watergate was undeniably a major incident in American politics, so it is not simply an opinion. You could even cite sources where its impact is discussed. It may have involved at least one of these guys. Similarly, overuse of first-person pronouns can detract from the focus of your writing. Take the following example from a scientific paper: I observed the sample through a microscope, and I noticed an unusual microbe. Here, the focus is on the person conducting the study instead of the study itself. But scientific writing is supposed to be objective. It would therefore be better to say: The sample was observed through a microscope. This revealed an unusual microbe. By using the passive voice here, we make sure the focus is on the experiment, not the experimenter. In both of these cases, then, it would be better to avoid use of the first person. Using First-Person Pronouns Correctly However, there are cases when it is correct to use first-person pronouns in an essay. These include: To emphasize or clarify your own role in a study To position yourself in relation to other thinkers For example, we could write the following without using the first person: In studying queue formation in Starbucks, the issue of how social behavior is affected by caffeine withdrawal was explored. However, this gives us no indication of who is conducting the study and the use of passive voice leads to an awkward sentence. We might therefore want to use first-person pronouns to ensure clarity: In studying queue formation in Starbucks, we explored how social behavior is affected by caffeine withdrawal. Another alternative would be using â€Å"the researcher† or â€Å"the author† to refer to ourselves in the third person. But this can also be problematic. For instance: While Ving and Rhames (2001) argued that tea drinkers are more violent, the researchers have not found evidence to back up this claim. The identity of â€Å"the researchers† here could be ambiguous. Does it refer to Ving and Rhames? Another study by someone else? Or is it the authors of this paper? It would therefore be better to say: While Ving and Rhames (2001) argued that tea drinkers are more violent, we have not found evidence to back up this claim. With this simple change, we can immediately what this sentence is saying. In general, then: DO NOT use the first person if it makes your work sound overly subjective or draws focus from what you are meant to be discussing But DO use the first person if it helps to ensure clarity and concision in your writing

How to Do Scientific Research Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How to Do Scientific Research - Term Paper Example Scientific research allows us to make sense of how things work and why some things look or act the way they do. Scientific research has allowed our advancement as human species in this world. It enabled our superiority and survival among other organisms that inhabit the planet. Through scientific methods of inquiries, observations, experimentations, data analyses and continuous approaches of data verifications, several answers to essential survival needs have been known and developed further for mass benefits. This includes scientific breakthroughs in medicine, human anatomy, diseases, ecology, astronomy, society and various phenomenon relating to humanity and our survival in our environment. It is to be noted that scientific research does not provide absolute answers to questions (Ori 2012). It instead provides answers based on the current knowledge acquired and recent evidence from what is present. That is why asking the right questions and formulating a sensible hypothesis from cu rrent sources of information, are critical to advance our existing knowledge. The solutions that we have right now, the technologies we are enjoying and the existence of rich data sources are the product of all the efforts of scientific research in the past. There are more cures to sicknesses right now because researchers from the past have already discovered these solutions. The sophisticated technologies we are using in computers and network systems are the result of the development of information technologies and facets of circuitries, with applications of social sciences and human response mechanisms. It generally means that the questions that have been asked before have been answered in this generation. Thus, whatever questions and challenges we have in our present time, these will be important on how the future will be shaped. The accumulation of knowledge and its by-products continuously happen, and more discoveries are being known. These are the driving mechanisms on the adv ancements that are yet to occur in the time to come. Conducting scientific research in the light of scientific methods is critical to the validity of results. The validity of conclusions is important to be proven. Ideas can be accepted or rejected based on adherence to scientific standards and measures. This information process or scientific system helps provide consistency on how data are acquired and collected. If proven valid and accepted, the discovery can be adapted as a scientific paradigm that could be used as a sound reference of science. In here, it could be supporting other already existing paradigms that then bring to the unification of ideas, and therefore establish our understanding of that scientific matter. If this is achieved, the system could be used in the application of product development or systems design. This is when solutions are created or developed, and innovations that improve what we currently have are appreciated.

Leadership Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership Book Review - Essay Example Divided into three parts and eleven chapters, the book is not mere an expression of speculation or supposition; on the contrary, it is based on the in-depth analyses the authors found out after conducting a comprehensive research on the most dynamic leaders of the world. The researchers personally entered into conversation with these self-motivated and energetic personalities, and discussed various aspects of the nature and style of performing their duties and activities. The authors concentrate upon leadership success program and encourage the readers develop their own leadership development plan on the basis of the points highlighted by them. George & Sims (2003) describe their explored five points, on the basis of which, personal leadership development plan could be created in a successful manner. These five points include exploring of one’s authentic self, determining of one’s core values as well as leadership principles, comprehension of one’s impetus and motivation, preparation of an active and trustworthy team for the achievement of determined goals and incorporating of all strengths of one’s life on the concrete foundations of will power and unabated fortitude. In simple words, exploration of one’s self is the first and the most formidable step in the way to success on the one hand and climbing the steps of leadership plan on the other. Knowledge of self is extremely supportive in respect of deciding oneâ₠¬â„¢s way and in establishing and achieving the objectives of life as well. The genuine success stories of the tycoons including Donna Dubinsky, John Brennan, Carol Tome, Ann Moore and others infuse new spirit of knowing oneself in readers and they look ready for utilizing their gifted abilities in one way or the other. Consists of three chapters, the first part of the book declares leadership as a long journey towards success, where lack of passion and unawareness with one’s purpose serve as the hurdles on the way to success. If one

The Reason Why Women Live Longer Than Men Essay Example for Free

The Reason Why Women Live Longer Than Men Essay Scientists are finally beginning to understand one of life’s enduring mysteries why women live, on average, longer than men. The new research describes how mutations to the DNA of the mitochondria can account for differences in the life expectancy of males and females. Mitochondria, which exist in almost all animal cells, are vital for life because they convert our food into the energy that powers the body. Dr Damian Dowling and PhD student Florencia Camus, from Monash School of Biological Sciences in the U. S., worked with Dr David Clancy from Lancaster University to uncover differences in longevity and biological ageing across male and female fruit flies that carried mitochondria of different origins. They found that genetic variation across these mitochondria were reliable predictors of life expectancy in males, but not in females. Dr Dowling said the results point to numerous mutations within mitochondrial DNA that affect how long males live, and the speed at which they age. He said: Intriguingly, these same mutations have no effects on patterns of ageing in females they only affect males. All animals possess mitochondria, and the tendency for females to outlive males is common to many different species. Our results therefore suggest that the mitochondrial mutations we have uncovered will generally cause faster male ageing across the animal kingdom. The researchers said the mutations can be entirely attributed to a quirk in the way that mitochondrial genes are passed down from parents to offspring. Dr Dowling said: While children receive copies of most of their genes from both their mothers and fathers, they only receive mitochondrial genes from their mothers. This means that evolution’s quality control process, known as natural selection, only screens the quality of mitochondrial genes in mothers. If a mitochondrial mutation occurs that harms fathers, but has no effect on mothers, this mutation will slip through the gaze of natural selection, unnoticed. Over thousands of generations, many such mutations have accumulated that harm only males, while leaving females unscathed. The study builds on previous findings by Dr Dowling and his team who investigated the consequences of maternal inheritance of mitochondria in causing male infertility. Dr Dowling added: Together, our  research shows that the mitochondria are hotspots for mutations affecting male health. What we seek to do now is investigate the genetic mechanisms that males might arm themselves with to nullify the effects of these harmful mutations and remain healthy.

Children in Malouf Essay -- essays research papers

Children take center stage in a lot of maloufs stories, but the memory of childhood is a deeper, more resonant thread throughout this collection. Pre – adolescence, particularly the ages of nine or ten, carries enormous weight in the writer’s imagination. The light from his Brisbane childhood often illuminates his narrative, and the remembered landscape often illuminates his narrative, and the remembered landscape fills in the background, but it is the child’s worldview that is the dominant concern. Malouf has talked about â€Å" the kind of fluidity of your perceptions at that time which are mostly un-judgmental†, although he acknowledges the incredible strength with which convictions are held. Most of the important questions about relationships and their foundations have begun to surface, yet the child is banished from the adult world at the same time, instilling in them a sense of mystery about the milieu of grown-ups and an awareness of the boundary t hat exists between childhood and adolescence. Maloufs younger characters exhibit many of these qualities, while the adults try to recapture the untrammeled joy of discovery they remember from their youth. â€Å"Closer† and â€Å"Blacksoil Country† are both told from the child’s point of view. Although Jordan, the ‘child’ in the latter story, is discovered to be a 150 –year-old ghost, he shares Amy’s fierce loyalty to her family, despite any objections they may have their elders’ behavior. Both children are driven to heal familial wounds: ...

The Last Castle – Leadership Styles

ESSEY THE LAST CASTLE This movie presents the internal structure of an organization and also a parallel between two leading styles. The leadership style of two individuals will have consequences on the people they lead and on the final of the conflict. The whole action of the movie is compressed in the elements described by Gen. Irwin at the beginning of the movie: he says that a castle must have four key elements, which include: the location, positioned on high ground, it must have protection from its enemies with a high wall, it must include the garrison (men willing to fight and kill for the castle), and lastly, a castle must have a flag, that the men have to protect by any means. These symbols truly describe the organization presented in the movie and forecast the taken over and the change of the leader. The officially named manger of the prison is Winter who is presented as the †bad guy’’ who commands its subordinates. But the true leader of the prisoners will be Gen. Irwin, presented as the â€Å"good guy† that will lead its subordinates by offering them self-respect and setting a positive example. Both of them have strong characteristics of leaders but one is dominated by negative features and the other one by ethical and moral principles. One has legal authority but one has the real power over the prisoners. Gen Irwin is appointed as leader by the prisoners due to his reputation outside the prison, his values and charisma but also his position of prisoner. The others saw him as one of them that will truly represent their interests. The way each leader will impose his power is presented in an antithesis. Irwin tries to lead its men by creating value and positive attitude but the other one tried to lead by sever punishments. He controlled them through fear and unethical behavior taking advantage of his superior position. People trust one and fear the other one. Winter only wanted benefits for him, to be recognized as a good leader between its peers and had no regard for the prisoners. He was proud of his performance as a prison director where no one intended to escape and no murders took place. He totally ignored the treatment he himself applied to the prisoners including killing them. In contradiction with Winter, Irwin cared about his men rather than caring about himself and how could he benefit from his position. He entrusts his men and reactivates their self respect and their attitudes of soldiers. If at the start of the movie the prisoners were not collaborating with each other and were even fighting for insignificant reasons, after Gen. Irwin takes command, the prisoners become a team and start to trust and to help each other. (as for example when one prisoner suggests that the wall isn’t build correctly he is aggressed, but Irwin delegated a small degree of power to him and makes the other ones listen to that young prisoner who will supervise the wall construction). Regarding the characteristics that made Gen. Irwin a good leader I could mention morality and ethical principles, the respect for the members of his team, ability to plan ahead using the resources available, ability to build confidence in people and motivate them to achieve a common goal, personal commitment to that goal (that lead to his death) and also viewing only the best in the members of his team, in contradiction with Winter who only searched for the worst in the people and use those negative traits to manipulate the prisoners and achieve his own goals. Winter is clearly intimidated by Gen. Irwin, recognizing in this way his character and power. He will treat differently the general at first because he was a national hero and later because he is afraid of the power the general has over the inmate and that minimizes clearly his authority in that organization. Finally when he sees he cannot win the General by his side he will loose his control and try by any means to state his position. In a small degree I would agree with the type of leadership Winter practices, taking into account the environment. That was still a prison with convicted solders and therefore extreme rules have to be adopted. Punishments have to be used to maintain the order between prisoners but this does not mean that the commander of the prison has to take advantage of his position and manipulate and mock the prisoners. (The best example would be with the basket ball. That action had no educational purpose, it was only a statement of power). Although it can also be mentioned that Gen. Irwin didn’t knew how to comply with the commands given by the major authority (Winter), actually think Irwin could not ignore the bad treatments applied to the inmates, the constant rule breaking and also the respect and trust that the other prisoners had in him. Seeing the punishment that Aguilar received for saluting him was probably the decision point where the general agreed to take over the command of his team. The wall that was demolished by the prisoners is the symbolic act of recognizing their new leader and of accepting to fallow his order. In the end of the movie, Winter losses command on the prisoners, on the guards and finally on himself. Gen Irene will take his place, becoming the true leader for the prisoners but also for the guards that will prove their respect by refusing to shut him down. This story is perfectly valid for the real world business environment . In a company, the manager is not that preoccupied about the subordinates, but prizes with his performances it obtains. Also, the managers create lots of strict rules to maintain disciplines and a sustained working schedule. At first, people might obey the rules because of fearing to break the rule and losing their jobs. But they will still appoint another leader that although does not have official authority has the respect of all the employees and might help them change the situation and gain their rights within the company. This movie points out that leadership is a powerful tool with which you can bring together people and accomplish a common goal but if it is not used correctly it can bring you or your organization to self-destruction. The message displayed by the movie about the two different points of view regarding leadership is definitely found in the business world on a large scale and with other types of implications (that that violent but surly very important for the well-being of the company and of the employees ).

Budgeting and Business Planning Essay

In order to create the criteria for the committee we have to look at what they want from the project. Most businesses and organisations are in business to make a profit, however the committee has different aims and objectives compared to a normal business or organisation. They need to weight up the options of each proposal and decide which best relates to their aims and objectives. When the committee is considering which proposal to go with they should consider the following categories †¢Short-term Financial Benefits †¢Long-term Financial Benefits †¢Environment †¢Relation to aims Short-term Financial Benefits The committee needs to consider the short term benefits of each proposal. They don’t want to take on a proposal that has high start-up costs and doesn’t make a return on the capital within the first year. The committee does not want to be left in a high amount of debt if the proposal fails. If the committee is left with a debt they may not be able to fund other projects to further their three aims. Long-term Financial Benefits Long-term the proposals will give different outcomes. The committee needs to decide on how long they want to keep moult hall? If they want it as a long term asset which can help with their aims? Or do they want a longer term money making scheme to boost revenue which can be used in areas they already control. Environment Moult Hall comes with a huge area of woodland, they needs to consider the effects on the local plant life and wildlife that any proposal could have. They need to think, does it destroy plant life? Does it impact on wildlife habitats? Is their going to be any long lasting environmental damage? Relation to Aims The committee is based on three main aims. They need to consider these aims in making their decision, they can’t be making use of one proposal if it goes strictly against some of their basic aims. They have to consider their own image and brand, does a proposal give them a bad name/image considering their aims and objectives? Question 2 Jonathan and Ingrid’s proposal has some short term financial benefits, in the 30 week trial run moult hall turns over a small profit of  £1,646. When the committee takes their proposal in to consideration they should recognise this point, moult hall will be of no financial burden in the short-term 30 week trial. If the 30 week trial is to succeed then moult hall can have some structural work done costing  £20,000 which would close moult hall for four weeks after the trial. The structural alterations would increase the capacity of the site to allow up to 30 guests to stay at one time. According to Jonathan and Ingrid projections of a weekly cost per guest of  £66 and a weekly charge per guest of  £150 they are making  £84 profit per guest per week. With the structural alterations and the increase in capacity by 20 guests. The weeks after the alterations are finished they could make an extra  £1,680 per week, bringing their possible weekly total profit at full capacity to  £2,436 (allowing for one free space, 29 paying customers). Therefore they could justify the large  £20,000 outlay on alterations as moult hall would pay for these alterations in little over 8 weeks. So in the long-run moult hall could be a profitable project by the end of year one. The one drawback of this proposal is the loss of the usage of the minibus at weekends, which generated an annual income of  £1,040, however it can be argued that it is now being put to better use and that the money is being recuperated from moult hall. Break-even point Total expenses £63,880 Weeks until break-even47.3 Guests until break-even473 As we can see from the table above moult hall will have to attract 473 guests a year to break even when they can only hold 10 guests per week. Equally they would have to run for 47.3 weeks a year at full capacity to break-even. This gives them an average of 9 guests a week. If they were to structurally improve moult hall so that they can hold up to 30 guests a week then the figures would look very different as shown in the table below. Break-Even Point Total Expenses £63,880 Weeks until break-even point14.7 Guests until break-even point441 Although a similar amount of guests is required the amount of weeks at full capacity has drastically dropped from 47.3 to 14.7. Their average guests per week has dropped from 9 to 8. Although this is not a large drop, in comparison they only have to fill 8 out of 30 beds compared to 9 out of 10 beds in the 30 week trial. The environment and its protection are very important to the committee and are mentioned in their main aims. Jonathan and Ingrid’s proposal helps the environment and makes the most of moult hall, if a garden was to be kept at moult hall the guest could tend to this and grow vegetables and recycle waste in a compost, which in turn could be re-used on the garden making moult hall very self-sufficient and environmentally friendly. One of the major aims of the committee is to help and educate the young. Jonathan and Ingrid’s proposal does just this, by inviting young people from the surrounding area to come stay and learn about the countryside. The guests will be able to learn about different wildlife and plant life living in the moult hall woodland and surrounding areas. The committee has to consider how the proposal will relate to their own aims, with moult hall becoming a learning centre for the young the committee could promote the good work they are doing to increase t heir donations revenue and grow as a trust. Question 3 Winston’s proposal consists of turning moult hall into a quad bike track with lavish bedrooms in the house for guests. In the year one moult hall will turn over a profit of  £1,034,283.  £750,000 of this is guaranteed to the North West trust for the protection of wildlife and the other  £284,283 will go to Winston himself. Moult hall would be a great money maker for the trust with the guaranteed income of  £750,000 adding to the  £800,000 a year they receive from local donations and fund raisers, boosting their total revenue for the year to around  £1,550,000. Long-term moult hall will turnover similar amount each year as long as there is no dip in demand. In the second year when Winston doesn’t have any initial capital costs he will make a large profit himself of  £402,350. The funds the committee will earn from moult hall could be used in other areas to promote the protection of wildlife. Break-even Point Total Expenses £1,022,650 Weeks until break-even point35.9 Guests until break-even point538 From the table above we can see the break-even point for moult hall under Winston’s proposal. He would need to be operating at full capacity for almost 40 weeks a year to break-even this means he would have to attract 538 guests a year. On average to break-even Winston will have to have 11 guests a week. In monetary terms moult hall will be a very successful; however some parts of the proposal will go against the trusts main aims. The trust was set up for the protection of wildlife; one aim is to protect local wildlife and plant life. To make the quad bike track many mature trees will have to be removed in the grounds of moult hall. This will disrupt some of the habitats of animals in the woodland. One of the main habitats that could be disrupted is the nesting sites of the red kite. The red kite has only recently been re-introduced in to the United Kingdom after the success of similar projects in wales; the trust fully supports the work of the national charity that achieved this. The red kite was wiped out in the UK by modern farming methods which use pesticides to kill small rodents, which are the main food source of the red kite. The first aim of the Trust is to encourage farming methods that don’t hurt local wildlife and plant life. They have to consider how the disruption of the nesting sites would reflect on them if they took on Winston’s proposal. It may look bad as with one hand they are supporting the work of the charity yet they are making money at the cost of disrupting local nesting sites. Question 4a There are many different measures that to committee can use to measure the performance of moult hall such as: †¢Monthly financial reports †¢Committee inspections twice a year †¢Variance analysis – comparing budgeted figures with actual Variance Analysis The committee could use variance analysis; variance analysis is a comparison of the budgeted cost of running moult hall and the actual cost of running moult hall. They could see if the costs of moult hall are favourable or adverse. If the results are favourable then this means that moult hall is running at a cheaper cost than they originally budgeted. However if the results are adverse then this means that the cost of running moult hall is more than they budgeted, this could be due to higher food prices or a larger light and heating bill than first anticipated. Variance analysis will give the committee a good idea of how much difference there is between their original planned budget and their actual outlay. This will be useful in determining weather moult hall is a financially viable option. Monthly Financial Reports The committee could ask for the manager of moult hall to send them monthly financial reports so that they can keep track of the performance and see if they are making or loosing money. They could let the financial reports come in for a few months or even up to year. This way they can identify trends and high and low seasons. They may find that they have a slightly seasonal product, as more people will want to be outside in the summer compared to the winter. They can also see if over a year they are getting an increasing amount of interest month on month or if they are losing interest Committee inspections Committee inspections could take place two or three times a year, the committee could travel as a whole or send a few representatives to moult hall to assess the upkeep of moult hall and the grounds. The inspection could also be used to see how the guests are enjoying their time at moult hall. The inspection team will then feed back to the committee who will have meetings on how to improve moult hall based on the feedback from guests and/or any improvements or checks that would need to be made to ensure the performance of moult hall is consistent. Question 4b When the committee is assessing the performance of moult hall they can use different companies to assess moult hall for them. The Environmental Inspection Agency (EIA) can carry out Environmental impact assessments. The committee could use this agency to assess the impact that moult hall is having on the surrounding woodland and grounds of moult hall. The committee can use this information to track the environmental progress of moult hall and see if the project is having a damaging or positive effect on the woodland and grounds. The committee could also use a survey company to produce a survey which can be given to guests when they leave so that the guests can give their feedback. The survey company can then use these results to produce accurate feedback to present to the committee. This method would be better than the committee asking the questions themselves as it will give a better representation of the guest’s views on moult hall. One company that they could use is amplitude research, this is a company that specialises in market research, Amplitude research can create a standard survey for guests which will make the results more comparable and easier for the committee to act upon.

10 Incredibly Useful Phrases That Will Boost Your Career

10 Incredibly Useful Phrases That Will Boost Your Career When we think about succeeding in our professional lives, most of the things we consider revolve around our work. But there is something to be said for the art of conversation that will lead you to new opportunities. By using these 10 useful phrases, you’ll be able to boost your career in ways you never thought were possible. Â  Source: [brightside.me]

Intercepting Keyboard Input With Delphi

Intercepting Keyboard Input With Delphi Consider for a moment creation of some fast arcade game. All the graphics are displayed, lets say, in a TPainBox. TPaintBox is unable to receive the input focus - no events are fired when the user presses a key; we cannot intercept cursor keys to move our battleship. Delphi help! Intercept Keyboard Input Most Delphi applications typically handle user input through specific event handlers, those that enable us to capture user keystrokes and process mouse movement. We know that focus is the ability to receive user input through the mouse or keyboard. Only the object that has the focus can receive a keyboard event. Some controls, such as TImage, TPaintBox, TPanel, and TLabel cannot receive focus. The primary purpose of most graphic controls is to display text or graphics. If we want to intercept keyboard input for controls that cannot receive the input focus well have to deal with Windows API, hooks, callbacks and messages. Windows Hooks Technically, a hook function is a callback function that can be inserted in the Windows message system so an application can access the message stream before other processing of the message takes place. Among many types of windows hooks, a keyboard hook is called whenever the application calls the GetMessage() or PeekMessage() function and there is a WM_KEYUP or WM_KEYDOWN keyboard message to process. To create a keyboard hook that intercepts all keyboard input directed to a given thread, we need to call SetWindowsHookEx API function. The routines that receive the keyboard events are application-defined callback functions called hook functions (KeyboardHookProc). Windows calls your hook function for each keystroke message (key up and key down) before the message is placed in the applications message queue. The hook function can process, change or discard keystrokes. Hooks can be local or global. The return value of SetWindowsHookEx is a handle to the hook just installed. Before terminating, an application must call the UnhookWindowsHookEx function to free system resources associated with the hook. Keyboard Hook Example As a demonstration of keyboard hooks, well create a project with graphical control that can receive key presses. TImage is derived from TGraphicControl, it can be used as a drawing surface for our hypothetical battle game. Since TImage is unable to receive keyboard presses through standard keyboard events well create a hook function that intercepts all keyboard input directed to our drawing surface. TImage Processing Keyboard Events Start new Delphi Project and place one Image component on a form. Set Image1.Align property to alClient. Thats it for the visual part, now we have to do some coding. First, well need some global variables: var   Ã‚  Form1: TForm1;   Ã‚  KBHook: HHook; {this intercepts keyboard input}   Ã‚  cx, cy : integer; {track battle ships position}   Ã‚  {callbacks declaration}   Ã‚  function KeyboardHookProc(Code: Integer; WordParam: Word; LongParam: LongInt): LongInt; stdcall; implementation ... To install a hook, we call SetWindowsHookEx in the OnCreate event of a form. procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject) ; begin   {Set the keyboard hook so we   can intercept keyboard input}   KBHook:SetWindowsHookEx(WH_KEYBOARD,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  {callback } KeyboardHookProc,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HInstance,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GetCurrentThreadId()) ;   {place the battle ship in   the middle of the screen}   cx : Image1.ClientWidth div 2;   cy : Image1.ClientHeight div 2;   Image1.Canvas.PenPos : Point(cx,cy) ; end; To free system resources associated with the hook, we must call the UnhookWindowsHookEx function in the OnDestroy event: procedure TForm1.FormDestroy(Sender: TObject) ; begin   Ã‚  {unhook the keyboard interception}   Ã‚  UnHookWindowsHookEx(KBHook) ; end; The most important part of this project is the KeyboardHookProc callback procedure used to process keystrokes. function KeyboardHookProc(Code: Integer; WordParam: Word; LongParam: LongInt) : LongInt; begin   case WordParam of   Ã‚  vk_Space: {erase battle ships path}   Ã‚  Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  with Form1.Image1.Canvas do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brush.Color : clWhite;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brush.Style : bsSolid;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fillrect(Form1.Image1.ClientRect) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  vk_Right: cx : cx1;   Ã‚  vk_Left: cx : cx-1;   Ã‚  vk_Up: cy : cy-1;   Ã‚  vk_Down: cy : cy1;   end; {case}   If cx 2 then cx : Form1.Image1.ClientWidth-2;   If cx Form1.Image1.ClientWidth -2 then cx : 2;   If cy 2 then cy : Form1.Image1.ClientHeight -2 ;   If cy Form1.Image1.ClientHeight-2 then cy : 2;   with Form1.Image1.Canvas do   begin   Ã‚  Pen.Color : clRed;   Ã‚  Brush.Color : clYellow;   Ã‚  TextOut(0,0,Format(%d, %d,[cx,cy])) ;   Ã‚  Rectangle(cx-2, cy-2, cx2,cy2) ;   end;   Result:0; {To prevent Windows from passing the keystrokes   to the target window, the Result value must   be a nonzero value.} end; Thats it. We now have the ultimate keyboard processing code. Note just one thing: this code is in no way restricted to be used only with TImage. The KeyboardHookProc function serves as a general KeyPreview KeyProcess mechanism.

Health Care Finance (Module 1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Finance (Module 1) - Essay Example Texas does not prevent children whose parents have no citizenship from gaining aid benefits provided the child himself is a legal citizen or immigrant. No such condition is available in the state of Oklahoma (OKDHS). Texas also provides special aid for employees of the State of Texas (CHIP). However, for its own part, Oklahoma does indulge in providing benefits and services to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Aged and disabled (physical and mental) citizens are placed in one group by both states. Oklahoma provides aid to any aged individual under 65 while Texan aids its old citizens at the age of 60. Oklahoma is very specific of the conditions that must be met by an individual to attain aid: a mental or physical impairment, disease or loss must be able to continue for at least 12 months. Along with this it is vital for the individual to show how his disability prevents his employment or ability to work. If this is met, there is a further chance that this individual might not be able to receive full aid, instead getting deductions or co-payments. Texas has a comprehensive list for the citizens in need to choose a nursing home (private or hospital-based) or a nursing home for the mentally retarded.

Implementing Technology in Daily Law Enforcement Operations Term Paper

Implementing Technology in Daily Law Enforcement Operations - Term Paper Example Preliminary in the 1970s and into the 1980s, when the major changes occurred and more and more technology was being used certain problems arose because of the distance created by the police to the public. When police were starting the force they were not integrating with the public as previous officers because technology was starting to take control and new highlighted problems were needed to be solved in partnership with the community. In today’s society in America in the 21st century, many communities throughout the United States aim to realize and employ successful integrating different features of community policing in the anticipation that it will decrease crime and make better, safer and added stable communities. Each industrial societies use the will of the police to manage crime in their society and assist the war against crime and keep public order. A defining characteristic of police is their mandate to legally use force and to deprive citizens of their liberty. In p laces like Washington, D.C. in America, a gunshot detection system was aimed at improving police response time to gun shots that were fired. Before this technological system was put into place gunshot crime was dealt with the normal way, with neighbors calling 911 or a discovery of a body after the shooting. Now gun crime gets reported automatically within seconds of the event. There are a number of gunshot-sensor systems on the market. Many of the sensors that have been made are to detect the sonic boom of a bullet which travels quicker than the speed of sound. Other systems use sensors that can find the part of the characteristics of the initial blast, the massive explosion that makes the bullet out of the gun barrel. A system that was recently used in Washington, D.C., called ShotSpotter, counts on the acoustics-based, GPS-equipped system that immediately and automatically finds the origin of the shot and the authorities are alerted. A series of acoustic sensors is picked up by t he sound waves of the initial blast that develop going forward from the barrel in all directions. The problem in the system is acoustic triangulation. While the technical details are seen to be highly accurate the ShotSpotter system are proprietary, it seems to be easy to figure out how the system works by looking at the process of triangulation. ShotSpotter uses approximately 12 sensors that are spaced accuratly throughout each square-mile part of the city it is covering,also each sensor is able of hearing the sound of gunfire within a 2-mile (3-km) around where the shot hasgone off. Because the speed of sound is a known entity 340.29 meters per second (0.21 miles per second) at sea level, the only aspect that arises which is an issue is the time that it takes for all the sensors to hear and locate the sound of a gunshot someone could already be serverly injured or past dead. The built-in GPS system is an accurate time source, all three sensors join forces and work together to tria ngulate and find the location where the gun has been fired. This is an idea on how the system works, the technology part of it is ANPR this allows police forces across the globe to track, record and survey vehicles. It uses maximum power to allow recognition images to be recorded electronically. This form of technology is excellent foor stopping speeding and making people who do break the law pay

Answer the questions base on a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Answer the questions base on a company - Essay Example The evolution of strategic management can be better understood through real time systems and positioning systems. These are the basic strategic management tools used by the earlier companies. The strategic management process is the one which requires a basic conversation for turning goals and visions into act. It demands corporate culture which is intensive and adaptive. Lastly, the sense of corporate mission should be strong and should reach every corner of the organization, thus, it is touted as the destination. Answer b Ford has recently implemented various strategic management activities. Example 1 A clearly defined corporate mission statement is the first sign of the good and effective strategic firm. Though the corporate mission statement of the organization is extremely short, it is clearly explained through various sub-headings. Example 2 The company went for a lean management strategy in 2006. Ford started cutting costs, improving designs and increasing their efficiency leve ls to increase their overall brand appeal. In order to cover increasing pension costs and maintain the cash flow, the company introduced strategic operations into its management (Khan and Pillania 1510-1520). New and advanced machines took over and production increased dramatically. Example 3 Workforce diversity is another strategic management activity implemented by the firm. In terms of dealers, suppliers and employees, the organization has maintained diversity and inter-cultural infusion. This shows the adaptability of the organization and its commitment as well as ability to keep up with the pace (Alexander and Doherty 15-19). Answer c The mission statement of Ford is â€Å"One team, one plan and one goal† (â€Å"Mission and Vision†). One team represents the workforce of the car manufacturing brand. The company works together as a global and lean enterprise for leadership in automobiles as well as satisfaction of its employees, dealers, customers, suppliers, invest ors, council/union and communication. It is under a single plan that the company aims for aggressive restructuring in order to operate in a profitable manner and take control of the current demands. With one goal in mind, the organization expects to deliver growth which is profitable for all. The overall goal for the year 2014 is to create worldwide profitable growth. The company aims to cash on the changing business environment in the countries as well as markets where the company has established. Ford will be inventing research and development in order to find out the likes and changing perceptions of its target consumers. Accordingly, the company will be establishing strategies and tactics. The objective of the company for the year 2014 is to produce first class vehicles and establish itself as one of the finest and most preferred car making company across the globe (â€Å"Our Strategy†). 2. On corporate governance Corporate governance is a system created with the objectiv e of controlling and directing corporations around the globe. Answer a Three traditional roles of board of directors are: Providing continuity for the firm through setting up legal or corporate existence and representing the point of view of the organization to every interested and involved entity in the external environment. These include customers, investors, suppliers, governments, employees and communities. In order

Assess The Role Of Key Stakeholder Commerce Essay

Assess The Role Of Key Stakeholder Commerce Essay BUPA was established in 1947 by the combination of a quantity of provident not for profit associations, subsequent the creation of the NHS. BUPA stands for the British United Provident Association the name itself explains it. The brightness of those well meaning people forming the NHS that the UKs total healthcare requirements could be centrally given proved to be ill founded and the 1970s and 1980s saw the PMI industry grow rapidly in size, with BUPA predominant. An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. Stakeholders are all those people of organisation that have a stake in the intervention. Government Customers Community Shareholders Board of directors Management Employees Source adapted from freeman et al managerial model, hieratical view -managing for stakeholder The evaluation of primary stakeholders must include a determination of their direct relationship to health care Group; specifically, their influence on development as well as the organisation objective in its relationship with them. Managing stakeholders is a very important part of Health care organizational success. Primary stakeholders include the Health care Group board of directors, senior managers, functional managers, patient, employees and shareholders; just to name a few. A correct evaluation of stakeholders will determine levels of authority, responsibility, influence their ability to determine if that influence is negative or positive, their strengths and weaknesses, stakeholder strategy and risk tolerance. This evaluation will provide the information needed to prioritize the needs and wants of the stakeholders in order to meet their expectations. Factors that will impact on the organisation and its vision: Market Analysis Macro Environment-PESTEL Political: Ever since in 1985 the introduction of Medibank, there has been a decrease in the number of private healthcare insurance. In order to stop the declining rates, the government stepped in they offered 38 registered health insurers the option to all citizens for private funding of their medical treatments. This allows private health insurance to subsidies full or partial medical fees in either private or public hospitals. With the help of the government, insurers would slowly see an increase in the publics interest to buy private health insurance . Economic: As customers are getting more highly educated and this leads to highly paid jobs. There is a trend that as their personal income increases, so does the private insurance coverage. Therefore insurance companies like Bupa should customise premium polices for the high income individuals and yet have policies that are value for money catered to the lower income group. Socio cultural: The new generation of UK are moving towards a more health conscious lifestyle. They are more concern about their diet and their overall wellbeing. As medical technology advances, so does the cost of medical coverage increases. This makes UK more interested to buy health and life insurance so as to lessen their financial burdens. Technological: Technological advances has not just let to information to be widely and readily available, it has also been constantly shaping our lives. It helps to improve our way of communication and increases the number of communication channels that companies could use to connect with their target audiences. Companies also benefit from improving technology as it helps to speeds up processes and cut cost (Kotler et al., 2009). Therefore insurance companies like Bupa UK are able to reach out to their target audience through new media like the website, Facebook and Twitter. Environmental: One environmental problem that would affect the insurance industry is when there is a natural disaster. The government had to step in to allow insurers who may not be able to meet their regular standards to come up with suitable solutions to respond to their customers with compassion and professionalism Create a vision for an organisation A vision facilitates goal setting and planning. Creating a vision to help direct the change effort and developing strategies for achieving that idea. Vision is a common statement about the direction of health care wishes to take and the needed end outcome once it gets there. It stands for an aim that is driven by and evokes passion. Vision might or might not be successful. A vision is useless unless it is implemented. The organisation should have plans or strategy to implement the vision. It depends on whether everything else happens according to a firms strategy. It provides a fundamental report of a company values, aspirations and goals. It may contain a slogan, diagram or picture. When building a vision it is significant to believe simplicity. While a vision must clearly present assured key values in defining and the relating organization, it must not be so difficult that it is complex to communicate. The most important difficulty often related with vision statements is that they are wide, hoping to cover entire factors of the organisation or health care principles and values. These visions end up being complex to communicate to staffs, consumers and clients. Vision statements must be clear and brief. Finally, approval of a vision statement by those concerned cannot occur unless the completely recognize it. A good mission must address each principal theme and must communicate why an organisation is special and different. A firms mission may change when competitive situation radically modify or the firm is faced with new threats or opportunities. Mission statement and objectives should be: Measurable: that is able to measure progress Specific: Gives a clear communication as to what requirements to be accomplished. Appropriate: be consistent with the vision of the organisation. Realistic: should be a reachable target given the organisations opportunities and capabilities in the environment. Timely: needs a time frame for accomplishing the objective. Its mission statement mentions that people come first after all people have created this empathetic persona that BUPA illustrates in its key objectives which was planned to give more services than the NHS system in Britain presented. It has supported itself as having no shareholders and existing only for its members. Primarily, BUPA was a UK health insurance provider, contribution policies to business, individuals, and other organisations. BUPA is a brand truly guided by its mission statement: Taking care of the lives in our hands. Its well-defined values guide its business and brand behaviour. 1.4 Determine the strategic direction for an organisation: Strategic direction is the strategy utilized by a management which recognizes the direction it aim to framework and the move for action by which it aim to get there, Stone (2010). The HR manager plays an important role in connecting the company most important of human resource to the strategic direction of the company and does so throughout the employ of strategic HRM practices and policies. Strategic direction is the direction in which an organisation intends to aim for through the use of a strategy which establishes the framework for actions involved in achieving competitive advantage for the organisation and its stakeholders. According to Chung et al (2008) wrote that an organisations strategy must be appropriate for its resources, environmental circumstances, and core objectives and the processes involved must match the companys strategic advantage to the business environment as current to the organisation. By doing so the organisation will achieve one of its corporate strategy o bjective, this will hold them in a position to effectively and efficiently carry out the organisations mission and objectives. Chung et al 2008 states that an organisations strategic focus will be determined by which of the three types of strategy be it prospector, defender or analyser it places the most emphasis on. So what responsibility do SHRM play in the strategic direction of a company. 2.1 Analyse methods to communicate the vision to engage and inspire others within the organisation: Organizations include establishing it to be supportive to ask every efficient area to identify how they contribute to achieving the entire strategic plan (efficient area selecting whatever natural units are real in the organization-functions, geographies, business units, etc.). Armed with the operational definitions, strategic map, and the entire company performance measures it strategic, each efficient area builds their own map of achievement and describes their own specific performance measures. Threats in the present and future market were identified by using the SWOT assessment process. How the competition is situated comparative to the opportunities for development that have been recognized, and how are they situated comparative to the companys strengths and weaknesses. Through this information, company may confirm their strategy by creating a mission statement, explaining the vision, and recognizing their competitive advantages. The strategy will need a clear consistent message for the communication. It is a perfect time for the management to operationally describe every critical area of the plan to make sure commitment and agreement. Important stakeholders have to include in the development. Requesting their effort is often a valuable aide in implementation. 2.2 Build support for the vision within the organisation An effective change strategy and vision will recognize the areas of change, afford clear and realistic targets for measuring achievement, and request to the durable interests of organizational stakeholders. The change strategy and vision provide the organization how the opportunity looks like after the alteration is implemented. It needs to communicate the organizational stakeholders why they have to work hard, let go of the past, and sacrifice in the current and in future follow the senior leadership. In the future it generates an appealing and sensible picture, and it gives guidance for decision-making for organization. Appealing and Sensible are significant. Employees and managers particularly will desire to identify that the planned change is feasible and desirable. If both are missing, they will not squeeze the change. It is not in staffs and top level management best interests to create the essential sacrifices now for a future that is worse than the present. Top management and the conducing coalition should improve a compelling message that will communicate employees and managers that the future is an enviable place to go. The support of strategic intent linkage is to ensure the career development, performance management and reward systems must be reviewed 2.3 Communicating the vision to external stakeholders Stakeholder report the routine communication with the internal and external members and partners was most important to keep stakeholder focussed on the success of the health care initiative. To communicate the vision, health care leader need to follow different strategies, including discussion and presentation and interagency meetings and using websites, newsletter, internal and external e-mail communication. Leader need to share the community the initiatives vision at community functions and meeting. Leader opted to communicate their messages regarding the new strategic direction multiple times through various channels. 3.2 Vision can be embedded within the organisation Inspired by our tradition, Health care will be renowned by an insistent focus on clinical and service results as we seek to make excellence in the care experience. Healthcare will become the important trusted health partner for life. The important Vision focuses on: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A dedication to our finding purpose of health care to strengthen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An importance on giving a personal care experience in our Organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The significance of creating trusting relationships with all of our constituencies: patients, associates, physicians and communities The Strategy Design For an organization the strategy design is one way that will be able to plan and fulfil its vision. According to Distelzweig and Clark (2008) the best way is to have a section of the strategic formulation that deals with preliminary layout of the detailed paths in order for the organization to realize the goal and complete its vision and mission. The four major elements step involves: the determination of the required culture, classification of strategic thrusts to pursue, identification of the major lines of business (LOBs), and establishment of critical success indicators (CSIs). Moreover, they defined that a line of business is an activity that produces both significantly different services and products or that are geared towards various markets. While in view the accumulation of a new line of business, it must be based on active core competencies of the company, its possible contribution to the bottom line, and its fit with the company value system 3.3 Translate the vision into organisational objectives to set the strategic direction. Leader at organisation levels are need to set the direction for action by their constituent units, contents and the nature of these directions changes qualitatively at various levels. At the top of the organisation, leader direction making generally takes the form of improving a board, long-term and often ambiguous vision. Top managers translate this vision into more specific organisational strategies and propagate them to unit at lower organisational level. Our vision is greater respect, less poverty, and better care. Healthcare management are impatient to do in good health and hold ourselves responsible for continuous improvement in the services we provide. The Vision and Mission Formulation The mission and vision formulation is linked as the foundation of the entire plan. The planning process is actually laid upon the vision and mission formulation thereby making this part of the process the generally important aspect of the plan. According to Swayne, Duncan and Ginter, (2008) assert that a vision is a statement that identifies and defines an organizations goals and aspirations and how the organization can accomplish these goals and aspirations in the future. A vision functions to offer an organisation with directionality, justification and quantification of resources, stress management, motivation, standards, enhancement of professional growth, and succession planning. As point out by Porrus and Collins (1996), that well-conceived vision includes two important components: the envisioned future and a core ideology. The strategic outcomes of a well created vision include the endurance of the company, vitality through the alignment of the individual employees, the focus on productive effort, and the company as a complete, and, ultimately, success. Once vision is implemented upon agreement, it is time to move on to the creation of a mission statement Distelzweig and Clark (2008), states that an explicit mission statement ensures the unanimity of purpose, provides the basis for resource allocation, guides organizational culture and climate, facilitates accountability, establishes organizational boundaries, and facilitates control of time, performance and cost . When creating a statement for mission, it is important that it states six particular elements, including the basic product or service, primary market(s), employee orientation, principle technologies, customer orientation, and standards of quality. Through all of these elements integrated, a mission statement must still remain memorable and short. The statement of mission as follows: Mission We serve together for the Health Distelzweig and Clark (2008) mentioned that there are other diverse functions of a mission statement such as setting the bounds for improvement of an organisation philosophy, justifying business operations; values, aspirations, and priorities; creating a positive public image; and provide a corporate uniqueness for external and internal stakeholders. The developing conception is that understanding and identification of the needs and wants of stakeholders is important to strategic management. In health care there are various different organisation levels. As there are various stakeholders in organisation it is considered one of the most important measures when the success is assessed. In health care the social values and identification of the resources that act as a token for social values are significant in determining the success or failure of the plan. Our Health care has a well crafted vision that meets all the above criteria. 3.4 Outline the strategic planning process for an organisation: Our healthcare looks for the poor and underserved as a particular centre. It is those without income of their own who required us generally. Through our health care and our persistent advocacy looks to serve the underserved and poor of our communities. We look to concern not only for their urgent requirements but also to change the structures that keep them in inhumane conditions and unhealthy environments. Every administrator needs to have a strong skill of analyzing how the business is supposed to be executed, especially if they are to go by strategic planning process. The analysis processes makes it easy for the administrator to know the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities and thereby making it imperative to plan wisely and draft a strong strategic management plan. The implementation plan is somewhat complicated and yet it is loaded with vital details of successful leadership. The strategic planning requires a fair allocation of basic resources. This could be a fourth component, but it is intertwined in the three phase process. The allocation of limited capital resources is perhaps one of the most difficult decisions health care administrators have to make. The need for new equipment, renovations and maintenance and the demand for new service lines and facilities all come with merit. In order to win, there needs to be a determination as to which appeal will engender t he good returns for the health care. In order to succeed on the strategies, Healthcare is faced with integrating strategic and financial planning in order to operate in the best way as a health care organization that is fiscally responsible. It has put in place an accurate vision of their community and the needs and wants of their customers before started the costly project of a new facility. The plans will need to be reviewed and be updated with new goals and objectives on regular basis to determine if the organization is remaining on track or is able to meet the projections set annually. This helps the healthcare to seize all opportunities and stand strong in dealing with threats and weaknesses.

Compare two Robert Browning poems - The Laboratory and My last Duchess. :: English Literature

Compare two Robert Browning poems - The Laboratory and My last Duchess. The two Robert Browning poems I have chosen are 'The Laboratory' and 'My last Duchess'. My initial reaction on reading The laboratory was one of horror and fascination as it tells a tale of a woman scorned. I found it horrifying that a human being could plan in such a cold and calculating way, but I also found this fascinating. 'Not that I bid you spare her the pain; Let death be felt and the proof remain:' My feelings on reading My Last Duchess was pity for the Duke who was narrating the poem as it was clear that his jealousy and insecurity had ruined their relationship.` 'she smiled, no doubt, Whene'er I passed her; but who passed without Much the same smile?' Both poems have contemporary relevance, as people today are still intrigued by murder, mystery and tales of unrequited love. It is very obvious that the poems were wrote in the 19th century though, as some of the language is no longer in use in today's society eg durst/dared and forsooth/indeed. There are other indications that the poetry was written in the 19th century by the references made to the use of a fan and also the way the poison was prepared using pestle and mortar. 'Grind away moisten and mash up thy paste, Pound at thy powder-I am not in haste.' The topic of the poem in My Last Duchess is infact a painting, had it been written in the 21st century it would have been far more likely to have been a photograph. The theme of The Laboratory is one of the eternal love triangle. Whereas the theme in my last duchess would seem to be about an obsessive yet insecure lover. The similarity would be the extreme jealousy that is displayed by both narratives. The difference is that the narrator in My Last Duchess is so jealous and insecure that he 'gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together.' implying that he sent away or disposed of his loved one in some way. In The Laboratory, the focus of jealousy is directed at the other woman. 'He is with her, and they know that I know' The character of the narrator in The Laboratory displays an intensity of emotion through her obvious jealousy of the other woman, this intensity of jealousy could only be achieved if she also had experienced the same level of love. Similarly, the character of the narrator in My Last Duchess also displays obvious jealousy although it is without such an intensity of emotion. It is my opinion that the

Eugene Nida

Eugene A. Nida  (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011) was a  linguist  who developed the  dynamic-equivalence  Bible-translation  theory. Nida was born in  Oklahoma City,  Oklahoma  on November 11, 1914. He became a Christian at a young age, when he responded to the altar call at his church â€Å"to accept Christ as my Saviour† He graduated from the  University of California  in 1936. After graduating he attended Camp Wycliffe, where Bible translation theory was taught. Later Nida became a founding charter member of  Wycliffe Bible Translators, a sister organization of the  Summer Institute of Linguistics.In 1937, Nida undertook studies at the  University of Southern California, where he obtained a Master’s Degree in New Testament Greek in 1939. In 1943, Nida received his Ph. D. in Linguistics from the  University of Michigan, His Ph. D. dissertation,  A Synopsis of English Syntax, was the first full-scale analysis of a major langu age according to the â€Å"immediate-constituent† theory. He began his career as a  linguist  with the  American Bible Society  (ABS). He was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, then worked as Executive Secretary for Translations until his retirement.Nida retired in the early 1980s, although he continued to give lectures in universities all around the world, and lived in Madrid, Spain and  Brussels,  Belgium. He died in Madrid on August 25, 2011 aged 96. Nida was instrumental in engineering the joint effort between the  Vatican  and the  United Bible Societies  (UBS) to produce cross-denominational Bibles in translations across the globe. This work began in 1968 and was carried on in accordance with Nida's translation principle of Functional Equivalence. His contributions in general Nida has been a pioneer in the fields of  translation theory  and  linguistics.His most notable contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalenc e, also known as Functional Equivalence. Nida also developed the â€Å"componential-analysis† technique, which split words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation (e. g. â€Å"bachelor† = male + unmarried). This is, perhaps, not the best example of the technique, though it is the most well-known. Nida's dynamic-equivalence theory is often held in opposition to the views of  philologists  who maintain that an understanding of the  source text  (ST) an be achieved by assessing the inter-animation of words on the page, and that meaning is self-contained within the text (i. e. much more focused on achieving semantic equivalence). This theory, along with other theories of correspondence in translating, are elaborated in his essay  Principles of Correspondence,  where Nida begins by asserting that given that â€Å"no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which symbols are a rranged in phrases and sentences, it stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages.Hence, there can be no fully exact translations. † While the impact of a translation may be close to the original, there can be no identity in detail. Some of his theories in detail First major contribution: Dynamic equivalence Nida then sets forth the differences in translation, as he would account for it, within three basic factors: (1) The nature of the message: in some messages the content is of primary consideration, and in others the form must be given a higher priority. 2) The purpose of the author and of the translator: to give information on both form and content; to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message; for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation. (3) The type of audience: prospective audiences di ffer both in  decoding  ability and in potential interest. Nida brings in the reminder that while there are no such things as â€Å"identical  equivalents† in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the â€Å"closest natural equivalent†.Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence: Formal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E). Principle of dynamic equivalence * General introduction In Toward a Science of Translating, Nida first put forward the principle of dynamic equivalence which he defines as â€Å"the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message† (Nida,1964, p. 59). Following this principle, dynamic equivalence, as defined by Nida, is to reproduce â€Å"in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source-language message†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida and Taber, 1969: 12). Nida (1964: 167) particularly stresses that â€Å"a natural rendering must fit the receptor language and culture as a whole; the context of the particular message; and the receptor-language audience†. To put it plain, either the meaning or form should not sound â€Å"foreign†.The essence of dynamic equivalence is the receptor's response, in Nida's own term, â€Å"the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language† (Nida and Taber, 1969: 68). The reaction or response is based on the comprehensive reception of the message, not only understanding the meaning or content, but also feeling in the way the original readers do. By laying stress on the receptor's response, he underlines the improvement to the source text by the receptor's subjectivity and aesthetic sense. The essential features of the principle we must first know about the essential fe atures of this principle and D-E translation. As Nida himself points out, the essential features of D-E translation consists of the following points: (1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message. (2) natural, which points toward the receptor language (3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation (Nida, 1964). All these points aim at arousing â€Å"similar response† between the source text readers and the target text readers.A. Equivalent As mentioned above, this aims at reproducing the message of the original text. This is the basic requirement of D-E translation, as is with any other kind of translation. That is to say, to produce a D -E translation, the translator must aim primarily at conveying the meaning of the original text, and to do anything else is essentially wrong to his task as a translator, because translation is basically a kind of communication (Nida and Taber, 1982). B. Natural A D -E translation is directed primarily towards the similarity of response.To achieve this purpose, the translation must be natural, for it is of great importance to arousing in the target readers a response similar to that of the original readers. To be natural, the equivalent forms should not be â€Å"foreign† either in terms of form, or in terms of meaning, which means that the translation should not reveal any signs of its non-native source (Nida, 1975). Nida stresses that naturalness in a D-E translation must fit these three aspects: (1) The receptor language and culture as a whole, 2) The context of the particular message, (3) The receptor-language audience (Nida, 1964). He further remarks: The best translation does not sound like a translation [It should not] exhibit in its grammatical and stylistic forms any trace of awkwardness or strangeness It should studiously avoid ‘translationese' he defines as ‘formal fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the cont ent and the impact of die message' (Nida and Taber, 1982). C. Closest â€Å"Closest† here is of a double nature.On the one hand, it indicates that equivalence in translation can never be absolute identity, because â€Å"loss occurs in all forms of communication, whether it involves translation or not† (Bassenet and Lefevere, 1990, p. 35). It can only be an approximation, because no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences. Therefore, the total impact of a translation may be reasonably close to the original, but there can be no identity in detail.On the other hand, since equivalence in translation is just a kind of approximation, not absolute identity, it naturally results in the possibility to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text on various degrees or in different aspects. However, it is the highest degree that a D-E translat ion is expected to strive for. In other words, though loss of meaning is inevitable, the translator should try his best to reduce it to the minimum. D. Similar Response This is the principal aim of the D-E translation and all the above three points are directed to it.The term â€Å"response† here refers to the way in which receptors of a text understand the text, including the effect the text produces on them while â€Å"similar response† involves a comparison of two relations: the relation of the target text readers to the target text should be substantially the same to that of the source text readers to the source text. That is to say, the target text readers must not only know how the source text readers must have understood the content of the text, but they should also be able to appreciate some of the impact and appeal which such a text must have had for t he source text readers (Jin Di and Nida, 1984).Formal Correspondence in opposition to dynamic equivalence: Ni da puts forward dynamic equivalence in opposition to formal correspondence. In speaking of naturalness, he is strongly against ‘translationese' as we mentioned Basically, a formal equivalence translation, as Nida (1964, 165) states, is source-oriented, which is designated to reveal as much as possible the form and content of the original message, that is, to match as closely as possible the formal elements like grammatical units, consistency in word usage, meanings in terms of the source context, just to name some. David Crystal, J.R. Firth, Catford and other linguists and translation theorists agree upon the six levels of formal equivalence, namely, phonetic, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactical and semantic equivalence. We may throw more light on formal equivalence or â€Å"correspondence† by citing Catford's view. Catford and his views of equivalence in translation: Catford's approach to translation equivalence clearly differs from that adopted by Nida s ince Catford had a preference for a more linguistic-based approach to translation and this approach is based on the linguistic work of Firth and Halliday.Catford has defined formal correspondence as â€Å"identity of function of correspondent items in two linguistic systems: for him, a formal correspondent is  «any TL /target language/ category which may be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the  «same » place in the economy of the TL as the given SL/source language/ category occupies in the SL † (Catford, 1965: 32). His main contribution in the field of translation theory is the introduction of the concepts of types and shifts of translation. Catford proposed very broad types of translation in terms of three criteria: 1.The extent of translation (full translation  vs  partial translation); 2. The grammatical rank at which the translation equivalence is established (rank-bound translation  vs. unbounded translation);   3. The levels of language involved in t ranslation (total translation  vs. restricted translation). We will refer only to the second criterion of translation, since this is the one that concerns the concept of equivalence, and we will then move on to analyze the notion of translation shifts, as elaborated by Catford, which are based on the distinction between formal correspondence and textual equivalence.In  rank-bound translation  an equivalent is sought in the TL for each word, or for each morpheme encountered in the ST. In  unbounded translation  equivalences are not tied to a particular rank, and we may additionally find equivalences at sentence, clause and other levels. Catford finds five of these ranks or levels in both English and French. Thus, a  formal correspondence  could be said to exist between English and French if relations between ranks have approximately the same configuration in both languages, as Catford claims they do.As far as translation shifts are concerned, Catford defines them as â⠂¬Ëœdepartures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL' (ibid. :73). Catford argues that there are two main types of translation shifts, namely  level shifts,  where the SL item at one linguistic level (e. g. grammar) has a TL equivalent at a different level (e. g. lexis), and  category shifts  which are divided into four types: 1. Structure-shifts,  which involve a grammatical change between the structure of the ST and that of the TT;  Ã‚   2.Class-shifts,  when a SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class, i. e. a verb may be translated with a noun;  Ã‚   3. Unit-shifts, which involve changes in rank; 4. Intra-system shifts,  which occur when ‘SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system' (ibid. :80). For instance, when the SL singular becomes a TL plural .The Priority of Dynamic Equivalence over Formal Correspondence In view of the difficulty in retaining formal correspondence, and of the fact that all communication is goal-oriented, no matter intralingual or interlingual communication, the move from the source's intention to the receptor's interpretation is quite natural and reasonable. So Nida's dynamic equivalence seems a good way to foster the interlingual communication and it is justified to say that dynamic equivalence often has priority over formal correspondence. C. W.Orr likens translation to painting: â€Å"the painter does not reproduce every detail of the landscape†, he selects what seems best to him, and for a translator, â€Å"it is the spirit, not only the letter that he asks to embody in his own version† (Nida, 1964: 162). Merits and demerits of dynamic equivalence theory As is known to all, translation in essence is a kind of communication, and its main task is to let the target reader understand the m eaning of the original text. Whether a translation is good or not depends largely on whether the target reader understands the original message adequately.However, traditionally, the adequacy of translation is judged only on the basis of the correspondence in words and grammar between the source and target languages, and this is sometimes misleading (Nida, 1993). Since translating means communication, evaluating the adequacy of a translation cannot stop with a comparison of corresponding lexical meanings, grammatical classes, and rhetorical devices. In short, it cannot stop with a comparison of the verbal forms of the source and target texts.Instead, it should take into consideration the reader's response and comparison should be made between â€Å"the way in which the original receptor understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text† (Nida, 1993 p. 116). Merits It has a lot of merits to t ake into consideration the readers' response and focus on the similarity between the response of the source text readers and that of the target text readers, which include the following aspects: – Rationality of Taking into Consideration the Reader's Response Since translation is mainly intended for its readers to understand, quite naturally, we should take into consideration how the readers interpret the translation, namely, their response to the target text, and compare it with that of the source text readers to the source text. Only when the response o f the source text readers and that of target text readers are similar can we say that the translation is adequate. If we do not take into consideration the readers' response when judging the adequacy of a translation, it is often misleading.As we know, sometimes what seems to be equivalent translation of the original text in terms of lexical, grammatical features may actually distort the meaning. Most earlier approaches to t ranslation have focused attention upon the relationship of the source text to the target text, whether in terms of form or content. The concept of dynamic equivalent translating introduces an important new dimension, namely, the relationship of receptors to the respective texts†¦. [It] deals not merely signs as signs, but focuses on the ways in which verbal signs have meaning for receptors.It is really within such a context that discussions of transnational adequacy and acceptability make sense (Jin Di and Nida, 1984). In short, taking into consideration the readers' response helps to reproduce the original message adequately and guarantee equivalence between the source text and the target text in real sense. B. Avoiding the Debate over Literal Translation versus Free Translation Whether to translate literally or freely is an issue that has long been debated in the translation circle.Some scholars argue for literal translation while others argue for free translation. It seems t hat the two views will never reconcile with each other. However, it is no use arguing which is better, since literal translation and free translation both have their validity and limitations. Instead, it is more helpful, in the author's opinion, to deal with this issue from a different perspective and provide a principle of translation that can well combine them. In a sense, the principle of dynamic equivalence may serve as an effective means to turn aside the debate.Since it focuses on the similar response, any kind of translation, either literal or free, is adequate, so long as it can arouse the similar response. Thus, the debate over literal translation versus free translation tends to be useless, and the choice between them depends on which can better bring about the â€Å"closest natural equivalent† and elicit â€Å"substantially the same response†. C. Freeing the Translator from the Binding of the Original Verbal Form and Increasing Translatability Languages diff er from each other, and each language has its own peculiarities.Sometimes the ways of using language are peculiar to a certain language. In this case, if the translator focuses on the original verbal form, he is usually incompetent. However, if he turns aside from the verbal form and focuses on the similar response, he can sometimes â€Å"crack the nut†. D. More readable and understandable text The advantage of dynamic equivalence is that it usually produces a more readable/understandable Bible version. Early translations of Bible were sometimes obscure and may reach the edge of unintelligibility as they were keen on preserving the original text. DemeritsNida's dynamic equivalence theory is of great practical value, as well verified by his Bible translation. However, it is not almighty and perfect. There are still some doubts which invite argument. A. The abstract nature of dynamic equivalence as a translation criterion The first doubt cast upon the theory is that it is too a bstract to be used as a criterion to judge the quality of a translation. Nida maintains, â€Å"to measure dynamic equivalence, we can only rightly compare the equivalence of response, rather than the degree of agreement between the original source and the later receptors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida and Taber, 1969: 23).However, the measurement is intuitive, dependent upon subjective judgment, for how can we know exactly the responses of the source language receptors, particularly if the source text was written ages ago? Moreover, the receptors Nida has in mind are the specific readers of certain text and it is their responses that are required to judge the quality of a translation, but he does not request the average readers of the translation to check with the source text, since they do not know or just know a little source language, that is to say, those who judge virtually are not average readers but the critics of a translation or linguists.B. – The degree of â€Å"naturalnessà ¢â‚¬  in translation Moreover, in speaking of â€Å"naturalness†, Nida insists that the best translation should not sound like a translation, but I think otherwise for two reasons: Firstly, language and culture are inseparable. â€Å"Language is an integral part of culture,† John Lyon says, â€Å"and that the lexical distinctions drawn by each language will tend to reflect the culturally-important features of objects, institutions and activities in the society in which the language operates community that uses a particular language as its means of expression†.As translation aims to enable one to get exposed to foreign works, while you are translating a foreign language text, you are introducing its culture as well. The change of some images bearing cultural features will undoubtedly diminish the cultural load of its language and leave unfinished the task of cultural transmission. By naturalizing the translation, dynamic equivalence, to certain degree, has ignor ed the assimilating ability of peoples.In spite of the fact that differences do exist, the similarities between men are finally much greater than the differences†, and â€Å"all members of the species share primal attributes of perception and response which are manifest in speech utterances and which can therefore be grasped and translated. In sum, to sound â€Å"natural† to the receptor is good, while to keep â€Å"foreignness† or â€Å"strangeness† to certain degree is also permissible. In this sense, as far as the preservation of the cultural elements of the source language is concerned, it is desirable that a translation read like a translation. C. The simplification of the source languageWhat also comes under criticism is that dynamic equivalence risks simplifying the source language, even decreasing its literary value. One of the distinctive features of literary works is the frequent use of figurative language and fresh expressions, and the authorâ €™s real intention is to be sought between the lines. If intelligibility or the communicative effect of the receptor language text is always given the priority and all the figurative images in the source text are left out, or all that is implicit is made explicit, then, despite its intelligibility, the receptor language text reads boring and fails the purpose of literature.Therefore, in translating secular literary works, unlike Bible translation, intelligibility should not be solely stressed. In later years Nida has increasingly realized the problem and in his work From One Language to Another, he no longer agrees to the priority of intelligibility but places equal weight on intelligibility, readability and acceptability. D. Modification of Dynamic Equivalence and Formal Correspondence Aware of the defects in his dynamic equivalence theory, Nida continues to modify and perfect his theories, including those concerning formal correspondence.He acknowledges that any element in con nection with receptor language text is meaningful, including the form: â€Å"For effective impact and appeal, form cannot be separated from content, since form itself carries so much meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nida, 1989: 5). If form is sacrificed, meaning is damaged as well, so he cautions the translator not to easily change the form and asks them to achieve as much formal correspondence as possible, which marks a shift from total neglect of form to attaching certain importance to formal elements.Mention should also be made of his replacing â€Å"dynamic equivalence† by â€Å"functional equivalence† in From One Language to Another. No matter how varied the ways of expression of languages are, he holds, they have the same or similar functions, therefore, functional equivalence seems more accurate and precise. E. Risk of imprecise translation The translator is â€Å"freer† from the grammatical forms of the original language, he is more likely to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language.That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being precisely wrong. Second major contribution: Componential analysis To determine the meaning of any form contrast must be found, for there is no meaning apart from significant differences. Nida (1975: 31) states â€Å"If all the universe were blue, there would be no blueness, since there would be nothing to contrast with blue. The same is true for the meanings of words.They have meaning only in terms of systematic contrasts with other words which share certain features with them but contrastwith them in respect to other features†. Nida in â€Å"Componential Analysis of Meaning† (1975: 32) categorize the types of components into two main types, i. e. common component and diagnostic or distinctive component. a. Common component. This is the central component which is shared by all the lexemes in the same semantic domain or lexical field. b. Diagnostic or distinctive components.They serve to distinguish the meaning from others from the same domain. A very simple example to explain these two types is provided by the words man, woman, boy, girl, and other related words in English (Leech, 1976: 96). These words all belong to the semantic field of ‘human race’ and the relations between them may be represented by the following matrix. components| man| woman| boy| girl| | [human]| +| +| +| +| | [adult]| +| +| -| -| | [male]| +| -| +| -| | Table 1. Common and Diagnostic Components of the words man, woman, boy, and girl.In the semantic domain of man, woman, boy, and girl, [human] is the common component, and they are distinguished by [adult], [male], [female] as the diagnostic components. The meanings of the individual items can then be expressed by combinations of these features: Man +[human ] +[adult] +[male] Woman +[human] +[adult] -[male] Boy +[human] -[adult] +[male] Girl +[human] -[adult] -[male] Before going further with the componential approach, it is important to consider possible differences in the roles of diagnostic components (Nida, 1975: 38).The differences can be best designated as (1) implicational, (2) core, and (3) inferential. Implicational component are those implied by a particular meaning, though they do not form an essential part of the core meaning. On the contrary, implicational components remain associated with a meaning, even when other components are negativized by the context. The word repent has three diagnostic components: (1) previous wrong behavior, (2) contrition for what has been done, and (3) change of behavior, and the first component is implicational. Whether in a positive or negative context, e. . he repented of what he did or he didn’t repent of what he did, the implication is that the person in question did something wrong . The negation affects the core components which specify the central aspects of the event, but does not modify the implicational component. The inferential components of meanings are those which may be inferred from the use of an expression, but which are not regarded as obligatory, core elements. In the expression the policeman shot the thief, ‘the thief was killed’ is the inference, and without further contextual condition assumed to be the case.However, it is possible to deny this inference, e. g. ‘the policeman shot the thief but didn’t kill him’. At the same time an inferential component may be explicitly stated, e. g. the policeman shot the thief to death or the policeman shot and killed the thief. Conclusion Nida is a great figure that contributed great efforts to the development of Translation Theories. His numerous books reflect a prominent translator and researcher as well. His major contribution was the introduction of â€Å"dynamic equiv alence† which represented a shift in attention of the process of translation.Nida's dynamic equivalence contributes a remarkable insight into translating and helps to create an atmosphere of treating different languages and cultures from an entirely new perspective. The concept of dynamic equivalence, despite having some disadvantages but perfection is inaccessible and the concept really formed a milestone along the road of translation studies and theories Works cited 1. Bassnet, Susan & Andre Lefevere, eds.. Translation: History & Culture. London: Casell, 1990. Print 2. Catford, J. C. A Linguistic Theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965. Print 3. â€Å"Eugene A. Nida. Wikipedia Free Ecyclopedia. Web. 7 April 2013. 4. Jin Di ; Eugene A. Nida. . On Translation: with special Reference to Chinese and English. Beijing: China Translation ; Publish Corporation, 1984. print. 5. Nida, Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964. Print. 6. Nida, Eugene A. Language Structure and Translation. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975. Print 7. Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993. Print. 8. Nida, Eugene A. ; Charles R. Taber. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982. Print. .